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991.
Different event-related potentials (ERPs) have been shown to correlate with learning from feedback in decision-making tasks
and with learning in explicit memory tasks. In the present study, we investigated which ERPs predict learning from corrective
feedback in a multiple-choice test, which combines elements from both paradigms. Participants worked through sets of multiple-choice
items of a Swahili–German vocabulary task. Whereas the initial presentation of an item required the participants to guess
the answer, corrective feedback could be used to learn the correct response. Initial analyses revealed that corrective feedback
elicited components related to reinforcement learning (FRN), as well as to explicit memory processing (P300) and attention
(early frontal positivity). However, only the P300 and early frontal positivity were positively correlated with successful
learning from corrective feedback, whereas the FRN was even larger when learning failed. These results suggest that learning
from corrective feedback crucially relies on explicit memory processing and attentional orienting to corrective feedback,
rather than on reinforcement learning. 相似文献
992.
Cooper NR Puzzo I Pawley AD Bowes-Mulligan RA Kirkpatrick EV Antoniou PA Kennett S 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):393-405
Ongoing debate in the literature concerns whether there is a link between contagious yawning and the human mirror neuron system
(hMNS). One way of examining this issue is with the use of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure changes in mu activation
during the observation of yawns. Mu oscillations are seen in the alpha bandwidth of the EEG (8–12 Hz) over sensorimotor areas.
Previous work has shown that mu suppression is a useful index of hMNS activation and is sensitive to individual differences
in empathy. In two experiments, we presented participants with videos of either people yawning or control stimuli. We found
greater mu suppression for yawns than for controls over right motor and premotor areas, particularly for those scoring higher
on traits of empathy. In a third experiment, auditory recordings of yawns were compared against electronically scrambled versions
of the same yawns. We observed greater mu suppression for yawns than for the controls over right lateral premotor areas. Again,
these findings were driven by those scoring highly on empathy. The results from these experiments support the notion that
the hMNS is involved in contagious yawning, emphasise the link between contagious yawning and empathy, and stress the importance
of good control stimuli. 相似文献
993.
Ravizza SM Goudreau J Delgado MR Ruiz S 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(1):193-206
Disruption of the dorsal frontostriatal pathways in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with impairments in motivation,
as well as in executive function. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these impairments are related and, if
so, whether the disruption of frontostriatal pathways compromises the ability to process the motivational aspects of feedback
in such tasks. In Experiment 1, informative feedback improved the performance of young, healthy participants in a task-switching paradigm. This task-switching
paradigm was then used in Experiment 2 to test whether feedback would improve the performance of 17 PD patients and age-matched controls. The PD group benefitted
from feedback to the same degree as control participants; however, depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were
significantly related to feedback usage, especially when response selection demands were high. Regardless of feedback, PD
patients were more impaired when response demands were high than in an equally difficult condition with low action demands.
These results suggest that response selection is a core impairment of insufficient dopamine to the dorsal frontal striatal
pathways. 相似文献
994.
Although the amount or scale of biographical knowledge held in store about a person may differ widely, little is known about
whether and how these differences may affect the retrieval processes triggered by the person’s face. In a learning paradigm,
we manipulated the scale of biographical knowledge while controlling for a common set of minimal knowledge and perceptual
experience with the faces. A few days after learning, and again after 6 months, knowledge effects were assessed in three tasks,
none of which concerned the additional knowledge. Whereas the performance effects of additional knowledge were small, event-related
brain potentials recorded during testing showed amplitude modulations in the time range of the N400 component—indicative of
knowledge access—but also at a much earlier latency in the P100 component—reflecting early stages of visual analysis. However,
no effects were found in the N170 component, which is taken to reflect structural analyses of faces. The present findings
replicate knowledge scale effects in object recognition and suggest that enhanced knowledge affects both early visual processes
and the later processes associated with semantic processing, even when this knowledge is not task-relevant. 相似文献
995.
Research on children's emotional competence has received considerable attention in the last decade, including the role of language. Language competence (LC) and emotional competence (EC) comprise multiple components. These components and their specific interrelations have not been studied sufficiently. In our study, we examined relations between multiple components of LC and EC in a sample of 210 school-age children. Five measures represented LC: receptive vocabulary, verbal fluency, literacy, narrative structure, and the narrative use of evaluative devices. Four measures represented EC: expressive emotion vocabulary, declarative emotion knowledge, awareness of mixed emotions, and facial emotion recognition. Results showed strong positive correlations between LC and EC ranging between r = .12 and r = .45. In particular, receptive vocabulary and literacy were closely related to emotion knowledge and awareness of mixed emotions. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that there is a common general ability factor for LC and EC. We discuss why receptive vocabulary and literacy might be so strongly related to emotion knowledge in school-age children. Our findings have implications for developmental psychologists, educational research, and speech-language pathologists. 相似文献
996.
The present study addressed the hypothesis that emotional stimuli relevant to survival or reproduction (biologically emotional
stimuli) automatically affect cognitive processing (e.g., attention, memory), while those relevant to social life (socially
emotional stimuli) require elaborative processing to modulate attention and memory. Results of our behavioral studies showed
that (1) biologically emotional images hold attention more strongly than do socially emotional images, (2) memory for biologically
emotional images was enhanced even with limited cognitive resources, but (3) memory for socially emotional images was enhanced
only when people had sufficient cognitive resources at encoding. Neither images’ subjective arousal nor their valence modulated
these patterns. A subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that biologically emotional images induced
stronger activity in the visual cortex and greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual cortex than did
socially emotional images. These results suggest that the interconnection between the amygdala and visual cortex supports
enhanced attention allocation to biological stimuli. In contrast, socially emotional images evoked greater activity in the
medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and yielded stronger functional connectivity between the amygdala and MPFC than did biological
images. Thus, it appears that emotional processing of social stimuli involves elaborative processing requiring frontal lobe
activity. 相似文献
997.
MB Lewis 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2012,12(4):852-859
The facial feedback effect (e.g., Strack et al., 1988) is explored in three experiments. It was found that when someone lowers their eyebrows, following instructions, their mood becomes more negative. If, however, they are instructed to raise their eyebrows they become more surprised by facts. Finally, if people are instructed to wrinkle their noses, then odors are evaluated as more unpleasant. While providing further diverse evidence for facial feedback, the experiments are also considered in the context of facial muscular paralysis induced as part of cosmetic treatments using botulinum toxin. The research presented here supports the previously suggested idea that such treatments could reduce depression, but other possible psychological impacts of such treatments are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
998.
Michael Rosander Gunilla Guva 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2012,9(1):52-68
This study examined the collective behaviour of the police during a football match at the 2006 Football World Cup. What peacekeeping and aggravating processes could be identified and what were their consequences? Data were collected using observation and field interviews. Some critical situations could have escalated into riots; however, the police showed trust in the majority of the supporters' intentions to be peaceful. Distrust was reserved for selected individuals who were under surveillance. This, together with tactics involving using different forces for different tasks and an overall organisational strategy focusing on the festivity of the event, was the main reason for the peaceful outcome. A friendly but firm approach was successful in keeping the peace. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
Jocelyn Schock Michael J. Cortese Maya M. Khanna Sean Toppi 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(4):971-977
Age of acquisition (AoA) ratings based on a 1-7 scale for 3,000 disyllabic words were obtained from 32 participants. We demonstrate that these estimates are both reliable and valid. These estimates add to those collected on monosyllabic words and are of value to researchers interested in factors that contribute to word processing. They also can be used in regression analyses on measures obtained from large databases, and can be used in conjunction with imageability ratings for the same word corpus to differentiate AoA from imageability. 相似文献
1000.
Michael David Kirchhoff 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2012,11(2):287-308
This paper explores several paths a distinctive third wave of extended cognition might take. In so doing, I address a couple of shortcomings of first- and second-wave extended cognition associated with a tendency to conceive of the properties of internal and external processes as fixed and non-interchangeable. First, in the domain of cognitive transformation, I argue that a problematic tendency of the complementarity model is that it presupposes that socio-cultural resources augment but do not significantly transform the brain??s representational capacities during diachronic development. In this paper I show that there is available a much more dynamical explanation??one taking the processes of the brain??s enculturation into patterned practices as transforming the brain??s representational capacities. Second, in the domain of cognitive assembly, I argue that another problematic tendency is an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, since it overlooks the active contribution of socio-cultural practices in the assembly process of extended cognitive systems. In contrast to an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, I explore the idea that it is possible to decentralize cognitive agency to include socio-cultural practices. 相似文献