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941.
942.
Framing effects occur in a wide range of laboratory and natural decision contexts, but the underlying processes that produce
framing effects are not well understood. We explored the role of working memory (WM) in framing by manipulating WM loads during
risky decisions. After starting with a hypothetical stake of money, participants were then presented a lesser amount that
they could keep for certain (positive frame) or lose for certain (negative frame). They made a choice between the sure amount
and a gamble in which they could either keep or lose all of the original stake. On half of the trials, the choice was made
while maintaining a concurrent WM load of random letters. In both load and no-load conditions, we replicated the typical finding
of risk aversion with positive frames and risk seeking with negative frames. In addition, people made fewer decisions to accept
the gamble under conditions of higher cognitive load. The data are congruent with a dual-process reasoning framework in which
people employ a heuristic to make satisfactory decisions with minimal effort. 相似文献
943.
Decision making is a core competence for animals and humans acting and surviving in environments they only partially comprehend,
gaining rewards and punishments for their troubles. Decision-theoretic concepts permeate experiments and computational models
in ethology, psychology, and neuroscience. Here, we review a well-known, coherent Bayesian approach to decision making, showing
how it unifies issues in Markovian decision problems, signal detection psychophysics, sequential sampling, and optimal exploration
and discuss paradigmatic psychological and neural examples of each problem. We discuss computational issues concerning what
subjects know about their task and how ambitious they are in seeking optimal solutions; we address algorithmic topics concerning
model-based and model-free methods for making choices; and we highlight key aspects of the neural implementation of decision
making. 相似文献
944.
To develop measures of consumers' self-evaluative motives of Self-verification, Self-enhancement, and Self-improvement within the context of a mall shopping environment, an initial set of 49 items was generated by conducting three focus-group sessions. These items were subsequently converted into shopping-dependent motive statements. 250 undergraduate college students responded on a 7-point scale to each statement as these related to the acquisition of recent personal shopping goods. An exploratory factor analysis yielded five factors, accounting for 57.7% of the variance, three of which corresponded to the Self-verification motive (five items), Self-enhancement motive (three items), and Self-improvement motive (six items). These 14 items, along with 9 reconstructed items, yielded 23 items retained and subjected to additional testing. In a final round of data collection, 169 college students provided data for exploratory factor analysis. 11 items were used in confirmatory factor analysis. Analysis indicated that the 11-item scale adequately captured measures of the three self-evaluative motives. However, further data reduction produced a 9-item scale with marked improvement in statistical fit over the 11-item scale. 相似文献
945.
Erickson and Kruschke (1998, 2002) demonstrated that in rule-plus-exception categorization, people generalize category knowledge by extrapolating in a rule-like fashion, even when they are presented with a novel stimulus that is most similar to a known exception. Although exemplar models have been found to be deficient in explaining rule-based extrapolation, Rodrigues and Murre (2007) offered a variation of an exemplar model that was better able to account for such performance. Here, we present the results of a new rule-plus-exception experiment that yields rule-like extrapolation similar to that of previous experiments, and yet the data are not accounted for by Rodrigues and Murre's augmented exemplar model. Further, a hybrid rule-and-exemplar model is shown to better describe the data. Thus, we maintain that rule-plus-exception categorization continues to be a challenge for exemplar-only models. 相似文献
946.
Schinka, Kinder, and Kremer developed "validity" scales for the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae) to detect underreporting-the Positive Presentation Management (PPM) Scale and overreporting-the Negative Presentation Management (NPM) Scale. In this investigation, the clinical utility of these scales was examined using the established validity scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al.) as the referent. The sample was composed of 370 psychiatric patients who completed the NEO PI-R and the MMPI-2 as part of a routine evaluation. Results indicated that response distortion compromised the utility of the NEO PI-R domain scales. Moreover, the PPM and NPM scales and an NPM-PPM index significantly differentiated invalid under-and overreporting groups from a valid responding group. The PPM and NPM-PPM index were adequate in classifying under- and overreporters, respectively. 相似文献
947.
Response times on test items are easily collected in modern computerized testing. When collecting both (binary) responses
and (continuous) response times on test items, it is possible to measure the accuracy and speed of test takers. To study the
relationships between these two constructs, the model is extended with a multivariate multilevel regression structure which
allows the incorporation of covariates to explain the variance in speed and accuracy between individuals and groups of test
takers. A Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computation enables straightforward estimation of all model
parameters. Model-specific implementations of a Bayes factor (BF) and deviance information criterium (DIC) for model selection
are proposed which are easily calculated as byproducts of the MCMC computation. Both results from simulation studies and real-data
examples are given to illustrate several novel analyses possible with this modeling framework.
The authors thank Steven Wise, James Madison University, and Pere Joan Ferrando, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, for generously
making available their data sets for the empirical examples in this paper. 相似文献
948.
Katalin Balog 《Synthese》2009,170(2):311-320
Proponents of non-conceptual content have recruited it for various philosophical jobs. Some epistemologists have suggested
that it may play the role of “the given” that Sellars is supposed to have exorcised from philosophy. Some philosophers of
mind (e.g., Dretske) have suggested that it plays an important role in the project of naturalizing semantics as a kind of
halfway between merely information bearing and possessing conceptual content. Here I will focus on a recent proposal by Jerry
Fodor. In a recent paper he characterizes non-conceptual content in a particular way and argues that it is plausible that
it plays an explanatory role in accounting for certain auditory and visual phenomena. So he thinks that there is reason to
believe that there is non-conceptual content. On the other hand, Fodor thinks that non-conceptual content has a limited role.
It occurs only in the very early stages of perceptual processing prior to conscious awareness. My paper is examines Fodor’s
characterization of non-conceptual content and his claims for its explanatory importance. I also discuss if Fodor has made
a case for limiting non-conceptual content to non-conscious, sub-personal mental states.
This paper has grown out of comments I made on Fodor’s paper “Revenge of the Given,” delivered at The Steven Humphrey Excellence
in Philosophy Conference: “Content and Concepts: A Conference on the Philosophy of Mind” at the University of California,
Santa Barbara, February 14, 2004. Thanks to Jerry Fodor for useful feedback, and to Barry Loewer for discussing with me the
ideas that went into this paper. 相似文献
949.
Jennifer E. C. Lee Stacey Gibson Marie-Pierre L. Markon Louise Lemyre 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(2):69-84
A plethora of studies on terrorism underscores the challenges of managing the psychological and behavioural impacts of terrorist
events. This literature also emphasizes the idea that the global pending threat of terrorism, prior to the occurrence of any event, may also give rise to significant reactions among members of the
public. Drawing from the literature on proactive coping, the current study presents the results of factor analyses performed
on sections of a national survey that assessed appraisals of as well as actual responses to the threat of terrorism in Canada
(N = 1,502). Findings revealed that items assessing individual response to terrorism were represented by three factors in this
context: Individual Preparedness, Information Seeking, and Avoidance Behaviour. Further analyses demonstrated a tendency for
actual preparedness behaviours to be associated with decreased psychological stress, and actual avoidance behaviours to be
associated with heightened psychological stress. Furthermore, the divergent patterns of relationships of terrorism response
appraisals and corresponding actual responses with psychological stress emphasized the need to distinguish different stages
in the process of preventive coping with terrorism. Theoretical and practical implications of findings for individual preparedness
in Canada are discussed.
相似文献
Jennifer E. C. LeeEmail: |
950.
Wilson McDermut J. Ryan Fuller Raymond DiGiuseppe Iwona Chelminski Mark Zimmerman 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(2):121-135
Anger has a prominent role in basic theories of emotion. And while many psychiatric disorders can be conceived of as emotional
disorders (e.g., depressive disorders, anxiety disorders), there are no disorders for which anger is the cardinal feature.
We analyzed diagnostic data on 1,687 (as later) psychiatric outpatients and looked at the co-occurrence of high trait anger
(as assessed by criterion 8 of Borderline Personality Disorder) and Axis I disorders, and Borderline and Antisocial Personality
Disorders. The purpose was to examine whether dysfunctional anger met criteria necessary to be considered a valid diagnostic
category. Results showed that high trait anger was not fully accounted for by any particular Axis I diagnosis, or any set
of Axis I diagnoses, or by the combination of Axis I diagnoses and Borderline and Antisocial PDs. Trait anger also accounted
for significant amounts of unique variance in several indicators of psychiatric impairment and psychosocial functioning. We
describe the anger disorder diagnoses of Eckhardt and Deffenbacher (Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis and treatment.
Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, 1995), and discuss the implications of those diagnoses for the practice of REBT and CBT.
相似文献
Wilson McDermutEmail: |