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941.
James Michael Lampinen Christopher S. Peters Vicki S. Gier 《Applied cognitive psychology》2012,26(5):702-708
Efforts to find missing or wanted individuals have been characterized as an example of event‐based prospective memory called prospective person memory. We examined prospective person memory in the context of missing children. Participants studied 4 or 12 mock missing child posters. In Experiment 1, we equated total time per poster and found no difference between conditions in prospective person memory accuracy. In Experiment 2, we equated total time for all posters and found evidence of a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy in the 12‐poster condition. In Experiment 3, we allowed free study and also found a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy. Across all three experiments, we also found evidence of a more liberal response bias in the 12‐poster condition. Results are discussed in terms of both practical and theoretical implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
942.
Michael Hagner 《Studies in East European Thought》2012,64(1-2):107-120
This paper deals with Ludwik Fleck??s theory of thought styles and Michael Polanyi??s theory of tacit knowledge. Though both concepts have been very influential for science studies in general, and both have been subject to numerous interpretations, their accounts have, somewhat surprisingly, hardly been comparatively analyzed. Both Fleck and Polanyi relied on the physiology and psychology of the senses in order to show that scientific knowledge follows less the path of logical principles than the path of accepting or rejecting specific conventions, where these may be psychologically or sociologically grounded. It is my aim to show that similarities and differences between Fleck and Polanyi are to be seen in the specific historical and political context in which they worked. Both authors, I shall argue, emphasized the relevance of perception in close connection to their respective understanding of science, freedom, and democracy. 相似文献
943.
Contemporary models of ADHD hypothesize that hyperactivity reflects a byproduct of inhibition deficits. The current study investigated the relationship between children's motor activity and behavioral inhibition by experimentally manipulating demands placed on the limited-resource inhibition system. Twenty-two boys (ADHD = 11, TD = 11) between the ages of 8 and 12 years completed a conventional stop-signal task, two choice-task variants (no-tone, ignore-tone), and control tasks while their motor activity was measured objectively by actigraphs placed on their nondominant wrist and ankles. All children exhibited significantly higher activity rates under all three experimental tasks relative to control conditions, and children with ADHD moved significantly more than typically developing children across conditions. No differences in activity level were observed between the inhibition and noninhibition experimental tasks for either group, indicating that activity level was primarily associated with basic attentional rather than behavioral inhibition processes. 相似文献
944.
Michael Veber 《Argumentation》2012,26(2):201-212
A self-fulfilling fallacy (SFF) is a fallacious argument whose conclusion is that the very fallacy employed is an invalid
or otherwise illegitimate inferential procedure. This paper discusses three different ways in which SFF’s might serve to justify
their conclusions. SFF’s might have probative value as honest and straightforward arguments, they might serve to justify the
premise of a meta-argument or, following a point made by Roy Sorensen, they might provide a non-inferential basis for accepting
their conclusion. The paper concludes with an assessment of the relative merits of these proposals. 相似文献
945.
Fergus TA Valentiner DP Gillen MJ Hiraoka R Twohig MP Abramowitz JS McGrath PB 《心理评价》2012,24(2):402-408
The current study examined whether the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y; L. A. Greco, W. Lambert, & R. A. Baer, 2008), a self-report measure of psychological inflexibility for children and adolescents, might be useful for measuring psychological inflexibility for adults. The psychometric properties of the AFQ-Y were examined using data from a college student sample (N = 387) and a clinical sample of patients with anxiety disorders (N = 115). The AFQ-Y, but not the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; F. W. Bond et al., in press), demonstrated a reading level at or below the recommended 5th or 6th grade reading level. The AFQ-Y also demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency), factorial validity, convergent and discriminant validity, and concurrent validity predicting psychological symptoms. Moreover, the AFQ-Y showed incremental validity over the AAQ-II in predicting several psychological symptom domains. Implications for the assessment of psychological inflexibility are discussed. 相似文献
946.
Gordon L. Flett Abby L. Goldstein Paul L. Hewitt Christine Wekerle 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(1):49-64
The current study examined the extent to which an expanded self-punitiveness model could be applied to deliberate self-harm
(DSH) among students making the transition to university. Specific components of the self-punitiveness model included perfectionism,
overgeneralization, self-criticism, and shame. A sample of 319 university students completed a measure of deliberate self-harm
as well as two multidimensional perfectionism measures and measures of self-criticism, overgeneralization, and shame. Correlational
analyses found few significant associations among deliberate self-harm and the self-punitiveness factors among men. In contrast,
among women, deliberate self-harm was associated with dimensions of trait perfectionism such as parental criticism and socially
prescribed perfectionism, as well as with overgeneralization, self-criticism, and both characterological shame and bodily
shame with the strongest associations found with shame. Supplementary analyses found a strong link between overgeneralization
and shame and an association between self-criticism and shame among women. The results support the contention that particularly
among young women making the transition to university, deliberate self-harm behavior is a reflection of a self-punitive personality
orientation with multiple facets and a sense of shame associated with an overgeneralized sense of failing to meet social expectations. 相似文献
947.
The present study evaluated the utility of brief experimental analysis (BEA) in predicting effective interventions for increasing
the math fluency of 3 elementary students identified as having math skill deficits. Baseline data were collected followed
by implementation of a BEA consisting of the following interventions: cover, copy, and compare, taped problems (TP), and math
to mastery (MTM). An extended analysis phase using an alternating treatments design compared all 3 interventions against the
results of the BEA. Two follow-up measurements were taken 5 days and 15 days after termination of the extended intervention
analysis phase. Results indicated the BEA correctly predicted the most effective intervention for enhancing math fluency for
all 3 students. Comparison of the intervention conditions revealed the MTM intervention to be the most effective intervention
for 2 of the 3 students, while the TP intervention was the most efficient for 2 of the 3 students. 相似文献
948.
949.
Induction of lucid dreams: A systematic review of evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In lucid dreams the dreamer is aware of dreaming and often able to influence the ongoing dream content. Lucid dreaming is a learnable skill and a variety of techniques is suggested for lucid dreaming induction. This systematic review evaluated the evidence for the effectiveness of induction techniques. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in biomedical databases and specific resources. Thirty-five studies were included in the analysis (11 sleep laboratory and 24 field studies), of which 26 employed cognitive techniques, 11 external stimulation and one drug application. The methodological quality of the included studies was relatively low. None of the induction techniques were verified to induce lucid dreams reliably and consistently, although some of them look promising. On the basis of the reviewed studies, a taxonomy of lucid dream induction methods is presented. Several methodological issues are discussed and further directions for future studies are proposed. 相似文献
950.
Surprisingly little research examines whether and how category advertising norms influence the effectiveness of comparative advertising. To address this void, the present research investigates if the persuasiveness of a particular comparative advertisement depends on whether or not it is viewed as a typical tactic that conforms to category advertising norms. Results from experiments 1 and 2 indicate that a comparative advertisement used in violation of category norms results in a persuasion penalty that is evidenced by a reduction in the ad's impact on brand attitudes. This effect of category norms on persuasion is shown to be mediated by evaluations of the comparative advertisement's appropriateness in the product category. A final experiment confirms this persuasion penalty with respect to consumers holding conformity-based motives. However, this penalty is found to be reversed for individuals seeking counter-conformity in the marketplace, who respond more favorably to a comparative advertisement when it violates rather than conforms to category norms. 相似文献