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961.
962.
In two experiments, subjects were given arbitrary letter cues or meaningful word cues that specified the task to be performed
on a subsequent target stimulus. Letter and word cues were presented in separate blocks. There were two cues of each type
for each task. Three kinds of transitions separated tasks:cue repetitions, in which both the cue and the task repeated;task repetitions, in which the cue changed but the task repeated; andtask alternations, in which both the cue and the task changed. Responses were faster for cue than for task repetitions for both cue types.
With word cues, task repetitions were not reliably faster than task alternations. With letter cues, task repetitions were
reliably faster than task alternations in the first block but not in the second block. The results suggest that subjects responded
to the compound of the cue and the target rather than switching task set between trials. 相似文献
963.
Many theories have proposed that visual working memory plays an important role in visual search. In contrast, by showing that
a nonspatial working memory load did not interfere with search efficiency, Woodman, Vogel, and Luck (2001) recently proposed
that the role of working memory in visual search is insignificant. However, the visual search process may interfere with spatial
working memory. In the present study, a visual search task was performed concurrently with either a spatial working memory
task (Experiment 1) or a nonspatial working memory task (Experiment 2). We found that the visual search process interfered
with a spatial working memory load, but not with a nonspatial working memory load. These results suggest that there is a distinction
between spatial and nonspatial working memory in terms of interactions with visual search tasks. These results imply that
the visual search process and spatial working memory storage require the same limited-capacity mechanisms. 相似文献
964.
Cousineau D 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(5):807-825
This article presents a generalization of race models involving multiple channels. The major contribution of this article
is the implementation of a learning rule that enables networks based on such a parallel race model to learn stimulus—response
associations. This model is called aparallel race network. Surprisingly, with a two-layer architecture, a parallel race network learns the XOR problem without the benefit of hidden
units. The model described here can be seen as a reduction-of-information system (Haider & Frensch, 1996). An emergent property
of this model is seriality: In some conditions, responses are performed with a fixed order, although the system is parallel.
The mere existence of this supervised network demonstrates that networks can perform cognitive processes without the weighted
sum metric that characterizes strength-based networks. 相似文献
965.
This article surveys studies of the occurrence, in the haptic modality, of three geometrical illusions well known in vision,
and it discusses the nature of the processes underlying these haptic illusions.We argue that the apparently contradictory
results found in the literature concerning them may be explained, at least partially, by the characteristics of manual exploratory
movements. The Müller-Lyer illusion is present in vision and in haptics and seems to be the result of similar processes in
the two modalities. The vertical-horizontal illusion also exists in vision and haptics but is due partly to similar processes
(bisection) and partly to processes specific to each modality (anisotropy of the visual field and overestimation of radial
vs. tangential manual exploratory movements). The Delboeuf illusion seems to occur only in vision, probably because exploration
by the index finger may exclude the misleading context from tactile perception. The role of these haptic exploratory movements
may explain why haptics is as sensitive as vision to certain illusions and less sensitive to others. 相似文献
966.
As people study more facts about a concept, it takes longer to retrieve a particular fact about that concept. This fan effect
(Anderson, 1974) has been attributed to competition among associations to a concept. Alternatively, the mental-model theory
(Radvansky & Zacks, 1991) suggests that the fan effect disappears when the related concepts are organized into a single mental
model. In the present study, attentional focus was manipulated to affect the mental model to be constructed. One group of
participants focused on the person dimension of personlocation pairs, whereas the other group focused on the location dimension.
The result showed that the fan effect with the focused dimension was greater than the fan effect with the nonfocused dimension,
which is contrary to the mental-model theory. The number of associations with a concept is indeed crucial during retrieval,
and the importance of the information seems to be accentuated with attentional focus. 相似文献
967.
This article examines the theoretical basis of decision-making deficits exhibited by cocaine abusers in a laboratory decision-making
task first described by Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, and Anderson (1994). A total of 12 male cocaine abusers and 14 comparison
subjects performed the task, and the cocaine group performed significantly worse than the comparison group. A cognitive modeling
analysis (Busemeyer & Stout, 2002) was used to estimate three parameters that measure importance of the cognitive, motivational,
and response processes for determining the observed performance deficit. The results of this analysis indicated, for the first
time, that motivational and choice consistency factors, but not learning/ memory were mainly responsible for the decision-making
deficit of the cocaine abusers in this task. 相似文献
968.
The list strength effect, in which strengthening some memories has a detrimental effect on the retrieval of other memories,
has generally not been found in item recognition. The present study shows that the list strength effect does occur in associative
recognition. Study materials were sets of overlapping word pairs (A-B, A-C, D-B, etc.). Within critical sets of words, strong
pairs were presented three times at study, as compared with one presentation for weak pairs. In Experiment 1, associative
recognition for weak pairs was less accurate than that for baseline pairs, and response times for hits were slower. In Experiment
2, receiver-operating characteristic curve data provided further evidence of poor accuracy for weak pairs. These findings
support a qualitative distinction between item and associative recognition. 相似文献
969.
In the present experiments, we examined whether shifts of attention selectively interfere with the maintenance of both verbal
and spatial information in working memory and whether the interference produced by eye movements is due to the attention shifts
that accompany them. In Experiment 1, subjects performed either a spatial or a verbal working memory task, along with a secondary
task requiring fixation or a secondary task requiring shifts of attention. The results indicated that attention shifts interfered
with spatial, butnot with verbal, working memory, suggesting that the interference is specific to processes within the visuospatial sketchpad.
In Experiment 2, subjects performed a primary spatial working memory task, along with a secondary task requiring fixation,
an eye movement, or an attention shift executed in the absence of an eye movement. The results indicated that both eye movements
and attention shifts interfered with spatial working memory. Eye movements interfered to a much greater extent than shifts
of attention, however, suggesting that eye movements may contribute a unique source of interference, over and above the interference
produced by the attention shifts that accompany them. 相似文献
970.
Vecera SP 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(5):909-915
Figure-ground assignment involves determining which visual regions are foreground figures and which are backgrounds. Although figure-ground processes provide important inputs to high-level vision, little is known about the reference frame in which the figure's features and parts are defined. Computational approaches have suggested a retinally based, viewer-centered reference frame for figure-ground assignment, but figural assignment could also be computed on the basis of environmental regularities in an environmental reference frame. The present research used a newly discovered cue, lower region, to examine the reference frame of figure-ground assignment. Possible reference frames were misaligned by changing the orientation of viewers by having them tilt their heads (Experiments 1 and 2) or turn them upside down (Experiment 3). The results of these experiments indicated that figure-ground perception followed the orientation of the viewer, suggesting a viewer-centered reference frame for figure-ground assignment. 相似文献