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941.
942.
The present study examined the influence of cultural background on the experience of loneliness. One hundred and ninety-four
Canadians and 209 participants from the Czech Republic formed the subject pool. Rather than compare the two populations and
disregard the within and between age differences, the cultural groups were divided into age subgroups. These were young adults
(18–30 years old), adults (31–59) and seniors (60–89). They answered a 30-item yes/no questionnaire. The questionnaire is
composed of five subscales, namely. Emotional Distress, Social Inadequacy and Alienation, Growth and Discovery, Interpersonal
Isolation, and Self-Alienation. Results indicated that overall, the cultural groups differed in their experiences of loneliness.
Further, when each age group was compared across the two cultures, it was evident that the age groups scored significantly
differently from its counterparts in the other culture. Scores of different age groups within cultures were also examined.
This study was supported by York University's Grant # 496055 相似文献
943.
The present study examined whether or not the extent to which people include other group members in the self, influences depersonalized
self-perception (i.e., perceiving self and others as similar in terms of group characteristics). The results revealed that
self-other merging positively influenced feelings of belongingness and identification with the in-group. Furthermore, a strong
experience of self-other merging was shown to lead to depersonalized self-perception as measured by a self-assimilation and
an in-group homogeneity index. Finally, results also revealed that feelings of belongingness and group identification mediated,
at least partly, the effect of self-other merging on depersonalized self-perception. The findings are discussed in light of
the literature on self-expansion. 相似文献
944.
Nima?Ghorbani P.?J.?WatsonEmail author Stephen?W.?Krauss Mark?N.?Bing H.?Kristl?Davison 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2004,23(2):111-123
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
945.
Anthony?R.?PratkanisEmail author Melissa?D.?Gliner 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2004,23(4):279-304
In two crucial test experiments pitting altercasting against traditional source credibility theories (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley,
1953; Kelman, 1958), students received a message emphasizing either technical or protective themes attributed to a child or
an expert. Traditional theories predict an expert should be more effective than a child. According to altercasting theory,
credibility is a function of the privileges and responsibilities associated with positions in a role-set. A child places a
message recipient into the role of protector and is most effective when arguing for protective as opposed to technical messages.
An expert is most effective when arguing within a domain of expertise (technical issues) as opposed to common opinion. The
results overwhelmingly support an altercasting interpretation of source credibility. 相似文献
946.
Adam?M.?Malin Blaine?J.?FowersEmail author 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2004,23(1):77-85
This study examined the emotional response of 110 adolescents living in the New York metropolitan area one month and five
months after the destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) by terrorists. The purpose of the study was to assess emerging
hypotheses in political psychology that suggest that there are differential emotional responses to a national trauma that
recede in predictable directions. The results followed predictions and indicate that adolescents experienced a higher level
of emotions related to the Crisis and Bereavement dimension than affect associated with Vulnerability and that the emotional
response decreased during the four-month follow-up period. There was no effect on emotional response from the biological sex
or political orientation of the respondents, which is inconsistent with other studies in the literature. The absence of a
political orientation effect is explained in terms of the lack of a domestic ideological difference in response to the terrorist
attack. 相似文献
947.
948.
In two experiments, subjects were given arbitrary letter cues or meaningful word cues that specified the task to be performed
on a subsequent target stimulus. Letter and word cues were presented in separate blocks. There were two cues of each type
for each task. Three kinds of transitions separated tasks:cue repetitions, in which both the cue and the task repeated;task repetitions, in which the cue changed but the task repeated; andtask alternations, in which both the cue and the task changed. Responses were faster for cue than for task repetitions for both cue types.
With word cues, task repetitions were not reliably faster than task alternations. With letter cues, task repetitions were
reliably faster than task alternations in the first block but not in the second block. The results suggest that subjects responded
to the compound of the cue and the target rather than switching task set between trials. 相似文献
949.
Many theories have proposed that visual working memory plays an important role in visual search. In contrast, by showing that
a nonspatial working memory load did not interfere with search efficiency, Woodman, Vogel, and Luck (2001) recently proposed
that the role of working memory in visual search is insignificant. However, the visual search process may interfere with spatial
working memory. In the present study, a visual search task was performed concurrently with either a spatial working memory
task (Experiment 1) or a nonspatial working memory task (Experiment 2). We found that the visual search process interfered
with a spatial working memory load, but not with a nonspatial working memory load. These results suggest that there is a distinction
between spatial and nonspatial working memory in terms of interactions with visual search tasks. These results imply that
the visual search process and spatial working memory storage require the same limited-capacity mechanisms. 相似文献
950.
Cousineau D 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(5):807-825
This article presents a generalization of race models involving multiple channels. The major contribution of this article
is the implementation of a learning rule that enables networks based on such a parallel race model to learn stimulus—response
associations. This model is called aparallel race network. Surprisingly, with a two-layer architecture, a parallel race network learns the XOR problem without the benefit of hidden
units. The model described here can be seen as a reduction-of-information system (Haider & Frensch, 1996). An emergent property
of this model is seriality: In some conditions, responses are performed with a fixed order, although the system is parallel.
The mere existence of this supervised network demonstrates that networks can perform cognitive processes without the weighted
sum metric that characterizes strength-based networks. 相似文献