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201.
We propose a new schema for the deduction theorem and prove that the deductive system S of a prepositional logic L fulfills the proposed schema if and only if there exists a finite set A(p, q) of propositional formulae involving only prepositional letters p and q such that A(p, p) L and p, A(p, q) s
q. 相似文献
202.
203.
204.
We say that a semantical function is correlated with a syntactical function F iff for any structure A and any sentence we have A F
A .It is proved that for a syntactical function F there is a semantical function correlated with F iff F preserves propositional connectives up to logical equivalence. For a semantical function there is a syntactical function F correlated with iff for any finitely axiomatizable class X the class
–1X is also finitely axiomatizable (i.e. iff is continuous in model class topology). 相似文献
205.
Wiesław Dziobiak 《Studia Logica》1980,39(4):375-379
Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ?0? 相似文献
206.
Radzikowski C 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):103-110
The use of experimental animals, mostly rodents, in biomedical research and especially in oncology and immunology should be
acknowledged with respect, recognizing the contribution of animal experimentation in the fascinating scientific progress in
these disciplines of research. It is an obligation of the investigator to justify the scientific and ethical aspects of each
study requiring the use of animals. The international guiding principles for using animals in biomedical research are well
defined and have been distributed worldwide by the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) since 1956,
when this Organization was founded. In Poland the ICLAS philosophy and principles are highly respected and were implemented
firstly by the members of the Commission on Biology of Experimental Animals appointed in 1962 by the Department of Medical
Science of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Animal Protection Acts, first proclaimed in 1928 were gradually modified
and improved. Actual legislation (enacted in 1997, 2003 and 2005) is consistent with EU Directives (86/609/EEC) and follows
the internationally recommended principles that include ICLAS guidelines concerning animal welfare and care condition in biomedical
research. The problem of “alternative methods” is briefly discussed.
Dr. Donald Boisvert, CCAC — Canadian Council on Animal Care
A lecture on the subject of this paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference entitled ‘The Responsible
Conduct of Basic and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005.
The author is the National Representative of Polish Academy of Science to the International Council for Laboratory Animal
Science (ICLAS) and a Member of the ICLAS Governing Board. 相似文献
207.
To account for the size effect in numerical comparison, three assumptions about the internal structure of the mental number
line (e.g., Dehaene, 1992) have been proposed. These are magnitude coding (e.g., Zorzi & Butterworth, 1999), compressed scaling
(e.g., Dehaene, 1992), and increasing variability (e.g., Gallistel & Gelman, 1992). However, there are other tasks besides
numerical comparison for which there is clear evidence that the mental number line is accessed, and no size effect has been
observed in these tasks. This is contrary to the predictions of these three assumptions. Moreover, all three assumptions have
difficulties explaining certain symmetries in priming studies of number naming and parity judgment. We propose a neural network
model that avoids these three assumptions but, instead, uses place coding, linear scaling, and constant variability on the
mental number line. We train the model on naming, parity judgment, and comparison and show that the size effect appears in
comparison, but not in naming or parity judgment. Moreover, no asymmetries appear in primed naming or primed parity judgment
with this model, in line with empirical data. Implications of our findings are discussed. This work was supported by Grant
P5/04 from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program—Belgian Science Policy and by a GOA grant from the Ghent University
Research Council to W.F. 相似文献
208.
Jerzy Słupecki 《Studia Logica》1970,26(1):147-154
Allatum est die 1 Augusti 1969 相似文献
209.
Kaczmarski Mikołaj Kaczmarek Jan M. Kowalski Krzysztof Borowski Karol Kęsy Jacek Kloskowski Janusz 《Animal cognition》2023,26(5):1705-1711
Animal Cognition - The efficiency of aposematic colouration of prey is based on the innate bias or facilitation of avoidance learning of predators. In many toxic bufonids, larvae are uniformly... 相似文献
210.
Michał Białek Yajing Gao Donna Yao Gilad Feldman 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(1):90-107
Mere ownership effect is the phenomenon that people tend to value what they own more than what they do not own. This classic effect is considered robust, yet effect sizes vary across studies, and the effect is often confused for or confounded with other classic phenomena, such as endowment or mere exposure effects. We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of 26 samples published before 2019 (N = 3024), which resulted in psychological ownership on valuing effect of g ∼ 0.57 [0.46, 0.69]. Suggestive moderator analyses supported the use of replica as the strongest moderators. Mere ownership effects were different from the null across all moderator categories and in most publication bias adjustments. We consider this as suggestive evidence that psychological owning leads to valuing, yet caution that much more research is needed. All materials, data, and codes are available on https://osf.io/fdyqw/ . 相似文献