军事心理学研究

著名军事心理学家Driskell和Olmstedt(1989)曾话:"可能没有任何组织或机构会像军队那样与心理学科的成熟和发展有着如此紧密的联系."Edgar M. Johnson(1991)也讲过这样一句话:"军事心理学只有把焦点集中于军事应用上,它才真正是独一无二的学科."     

中医药国际传播中术语音译规范的探讨

中医药对外传播过程中常会遇到一些术语无法意译必须音译的情况。通过检索2021年5月北京大学出版社《中文核心期刊目录总览（2020版）》“R2中国医学”的18种期刊杂志,发现在人名、书名、穴名、中草名、方剂名等术语的音译方面存在不一致、不规范现象。依据我国及国际相关标准和规定,建议音译时：人名应以“姓全大写、名首字母大写”形式,书名应以“词为单位、首字母大写”形式、穴名应以“首字母大写附（腧穴代码）”形式、中药名应以“首字母大写附（拉丁语名）”形式、方剂名应以“词为单位、首字母大写、剂型意译”形式。

     

复归女性关怀的产科实践：迪克-瑞德自然分娩理念的提出、争论与影响

英国产科医生格兰特•迪克-瑞德于20世纪30年代提出自然分娩理念,认为女性对分娩的恐惧会导致子宫肌肉紧张进而引起产痛,可以通过分娩教育予以解除。自然分娩产生了诸多影响与争议,医学界对其在产科实践中的价值尚存疑虑;女性苦于分娩的日益去人性化,主动尝试自然分娩;女性主义者意识到其背后仍然是根深蒂固的父权制观念。追溯自然分娩理念的提出与实践过程,探讨医学技术、性别与社会之间的互动和影响。在医学技术对正常生命的干预过程中,自然分娩代表着对医学“照护与关怀”这一古老价值的永恒追求。

     

父母学业参与、父母学业压力与青少年早期的学业投入:有调节的中介模型

为探讨父母学业参与和学业压力与青少年早期学业投入之间的关系,考察成就目标取向的中介作用,以及学业成就水平在该中介过程中的调节作用,对2487名初一学生进行测查,结果发现：（1）父母学业参与正向预测青少年早期个体的学业投入、负向预测学业抽离,父母学业压力正向预测学业抽离;（2）掌握目标取向在父母学业参与和青少年早期的学业投入之间起正向中介作用,在父母学业参与和学业抽离间发挥负向中介作用;表现回避目标取向在父母学业压力和学业抽离间具有正向中介作用;（3）掌握目标取向的中介作用受到学业成就水平的调节。研究结果揭示了父母学业参与和学业压力对青少年早期的学业投入的共同作用,为从家庭层面提高青少年的学业投入水平提供了参考。     

Temporal Discounting Mechanisms of Future‐oriented Coping: Evidence from Delay Discounting and Task Prioritization Paradigms

Four studies were conducted to examine the relationship between future‐oriented coping and temporal discounting under different situational conditions. In Study 1, 138 participants were primed with either stressful or neutral stimuli, followed by a delay‐discounting task. In Study 2, 118 participants were primed with either stressful or neutral stimuli, followed by a task‐prioritization activity. The results of both studies indicated that future‐oriented coping had a significant negative association with temporal discounting or the number of rational choices in the neutral‐priming condition, but the relationship was not significant in the stress‐priming condition. In Study 3, qualitative data revealed that the major reason for shifting choices from larger but later payoffs to smaller but sooner rewards in a stressful condition was to reduce the stressful mood, create a positive mood, and promote a sense of accomplishment. This explanation was corroborated by Study 4, in which one group was allowed to choose an immediate payoff and the other group was blocked from choosing that immediate payoff. We confirmed that post‐test anxiety was significantly lower in the immediate payoff group compared with the delayed‐payoff group in proactive and preventive coping, using pre‐test anxiety as a covariate. Preventive coping helped to reduce anxiety levels in a stressful condition only when there was a choice to obtain an immediate payoff. These findings underscore the relationship between future‐oriented coping and temporal discounting, as well as the flexibility of discounting in the face of stress. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ethical Leadership and Unethical Pro-Organisational Behaviour: The Mediating Mechanism of Reflective Moral Attentiveness

This study examines the mediating effects of reflective moral attentiveness on the relationship between ethical leadership and subordinates’ unethical pro-organisational behaviour (UPB). Based on two-wave survey data obtained from 233 employees in 60 teams from Chinese government agencies, we found that ethical leadership was positively related to reflective moral attentiveness. In addition, we found that reflective moral attentiveness mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and UPB, such that ethical leadership negatively influenced subordinates’ unethical pro-organisational behaviour through enhancing reflective moral attentiveness.     

Essential Elements for Community Engagement in Evidence-Based Youth Violence Prevention

In the field of youth violence prevention, there has been increasing emphasis on “evidence based” programs and principles shown through scientific research as reaching their intended outcomes. Community mobilization and engagement play a critical role in many evidence‐based programs and strategies, as it takes a concerted effort among a wide range of people within a community to alter behavior and maintain behavioral change. How do concerned individuals and groups within a community engage others within and outside of that community to effectively plan, develop and implement appropriate EB programs as well as evaluate the outcomes and impacts of locally developed programs yet to be proven? The authors discuss five elements essential for community engagement in evidence‐based youth violence prevention based on their work in a university‐community partnership through the Asian/Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (API Center), a National Academic Center for Excellence on Youth Violence Prevention Center supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They include: (a) aligning EBPs with a community's shared vision and values; (b) establishing an inclusive environment for the planning, implementation and evaluation of EBPs; (c) nurturing collaboration for increased effectiveness and efficacy of EBPs; (d) building adequate leadership and community capacity to develop and sustain EBPs; and (e) building a learning community for evaluation and self‐reflection. The authors propose placing greater emphasis on “evaluative thinking” and organizational capacity for evaluation as we pursue evidence‐based practices for youth violence prevention. This is especially important for ethnic groups for which an evidence base is not well established.     

床边教学法在医学伦理学教学中的探索与实践

在医学伦理学的教学实践中引入床边教学法,在激发学习兴趣、促进沟通技能、培养实践能力和提升综合素质等方面具有很大的优越性.积极探索床边教学的方法与效果,注意教学过程中存在的问题,整合优势资源,在整个医学体系中深入医学伦理观念,对于实践教学的未来发展具有重要意义.     

自我效能理论对肿瘤护理的启示和思考

根据自我效能理论及肿瘤患者自我效能的研究,从自我效能的概念、特征维度、测量、增强肿瘤患者自我效能的必要性及该理论对肿瘤护理的启示等角度进行阐述。提出在肿瘤护理领域应注重提高患者自我效能,从而提高患者生命质量。     

IRT展开模型及对非累积反应机制的检测

被试回答人格测验题目时并不是特质水平越高其得分率越高,这称为非累积反应机制。广义等级展开模型GGUM就是针对这一机制提出来的。使用EPQ和五因素人格问卷发现GGUM比累积IRT模型有更好的模型拟合度和测量精度。研究结果表明GGUM有其合理性,且有助于反应心理过程机制的深入探讨。