肌电和皮温生物反馈及其和自我训练结合控制考试焦虑有效性的比较研究

本文比较了肌电和皮温生物反馈以及反馈与自我训练结合等方法对改善考试焦虑的有效性。采用状态—特质焦虑问卷的状态焦虑分选择48名高考应届考生为实验受试。将这些受试随机分成6组,每组8人,分别为:1.肌电反馈加自我训练;2.单肌电反馈;3.皮温反馈加自我训练;4.单皮温反馈;5.假反馈和 6.延迟训练等组。训练前后分别测试了各位受试在故意制造的紧张气氛中完成测验作业时的肌电和皮温变化以及状态焦虑的水平。比较结果表明:1.生物反馈改善考试焦虑是有效的,皮温和肌电反馈有效性相当;2.生物反馈和自我训练结合效果似乎更佳;3.假反馈训练的效果虽然比不训练略好,但两者无明显的区别;4.初始状态焦虑程度越高,经训练,焦虑水平下降幅度也越大。     

Contributions of linguistic,quantitative, and spatial attention skills to young children's math versus reading: Same,different, or both?

The study used Bayesian and Frequentist methods to investigate whether the roles of linguistic, quantitative, and spatial attention skills are distinct in children's acquisition of reading and math. A sample of 175 Chinese kindergarteners was tested with measures of linguistic skills (phonological awareness and phonological memory), quantitative knowledge (number line task, symbolic digit comparison, and non-symbolic number estimation), spatial attention skills (visual span, mental rotation, and visual search), word reading, and calculation. After statistically controlling for age and nonverbal intelligence, phonological awareness and digit comparison performance explained unique variance in both math and reading. Moreover, number line estimation was specifically important for math, while phonological memory was specifically essential for reading. These findings highlight the possibility of developing early screening tools with different cognitive measures for children at risk of learning disabilities in reading and/or math.     

军官心理选拔方法研究与应用

讨论了目前国际上通常采用的军官选拔方法：个人档案、纸笔测验、评价中心、结构式评估;探讨了这些方法的发展、效用和有效性;比较了它们之间的长处和不足,以及这些技术的发展前景;最后本文探讨了各国军官心理选拔方法和特点     

Comparative effectiveness of CBT interventions for co-morbid chronic pain & insomnia: A pilot study

IntroductionChronic pain is difficult to treat and often precedes or exacerbates sleep disturbances such as insomnia. Insomnia, in turn, can amplify the pain experience. Both conditions are associated with inflammatory processes, which may be involved in the bi-directional relationship between pain and sleep. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain and CBT for insomnia are evidence based interventions for, respectively, chronic pain and insomnia. The study objectives were to determine the feasibility of combining CBT for pain and for insomnia and to assess the effects of the combined intervention and the stand alone interventions on pain, sleep, and mood outcomes compared to a control condition.MethodsTwenty-one adults with co-occurring chronic pain and chronic insomnia were randomized to either CBT for pain, CBT for insomnia, combined CBT for pain and insomnia, or a wait-list control condition.ResultsThe combined CBT intervention was feasible to deliver and produced significant improvements in sleep, disability from pain, depression and fatigue compared to the control condition. Overall, the combined intervention appeared to have a strong advantage over CBT for pain on most outcomes, modest advantage over both CBT for insomnia in reducing insomnia severity in chronic pain patients.DiscussionCBT for pain and CBT for insomnia may be combined with good results for patients with co-occurring chronic pain and insomnia.     

汉语阅读中的心理词加工

通过两项研究考察了汉语阅读中心理词存在的心理现实性及其加工效率问题。研究1采用词切分任务考察语法知识掌握水平不同的读者词切分的差异,发现他们在词切分上存在很大分歧,语法知识越丰富,词切分差异越小。研究2探讨心理词的加工效率,使用阴影标记目标词,产生四种呈现条件：正常条件、词汇词条件、心理词条件和非词条件,结果发现心理词比词汇词、非词更容易加工。两项研究结果表明汉语阅读的基本信息单元更可能是心理词。     

593名军校新生学员入伍动机的调查与分析

目的了解593名军校大学新生的入伍动机情况。方法采用自编的军校大学新生基本情况调查表和症状自评量表对593名军校大学新生在入学1个月后统一进行测试。结果军校新生的入伍动机复杂,来源、是否独生子女和政治面貌对入伍动机有显著的影响,献身国防事业和服从父母的意愿这两项入伍动机对scl-90的总分影响最大。结论军校新生学员入伍动机复杂,入伍动机对心理健康有较大影响。     

初中生认识论信念及其与学习方式、学业成就的关系

该研究采用自编的初中生认识论信念问卷、R-LPQ-2F问卷等工具,对557名初中生一般领域的认识论信念、学习方式、学业成就之间关系进行调查研究。结果表明:1)不同类型学校、年级、性别的初中生在认识论信念的某些维度上存在差异,学校与年级两个变量在接受-建构信念上存在交互效应,学校与性别两个变量在零散-联系信念上存在显著的交互效应;2)认识论信念对学业成就既有直接作用,又有间接作用;3)学习方式在认识论信念对学业成就的影响中发挥着中介作用。     

Antagonism of lateral amygdala alpha1-adrenergic receptors facilitates fear conditioning and long-term potentiation

Norepinephrine receptors have been studied in emotion, memory, and attention. However, the role of alpha1-adrenergic receptors in fear conditioning, a major model of emotional learning, is poorly understood. We examined the effect of terazosin, an alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, on cued fear conditioning. Systemic or intra-lateral amygdala terazosin delivered before conditioning enhanced short- and long-term memory. Terazosin delivered after conditioning did not affect consolidation. In vitro, terazosin impaired lateral amygdala inhibitory postsynaptic currents leading to facilitation of excitatory postsynaptic currents and long-term potentiation. Since alpha1 blockers are prescribed for hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder, these results may have important clinical implications.Although norepinephrine (NE) has been widely studied as an important modulator of memory and emotion, comparatively little is known about the role of NE in amygdala-dependent Pavlovian fear conditioning, a major model for understanding the neural basis of fear learning and memory. In fear conditioning, an emotionally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; i.e., tone) is temporally paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; i.e., footshock). After very few pairings, a lasting, robust CS–US association is acquired, and the CS elicits stereotypical defensive responses, including behavioral freezing (Blanchard and Blanchard 1969; Bolles and Fanselow 1980).The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a key structure underlying fear conditioning (LeDoux 2000). Convergence of CS and US information in LA is believed to play an important role in initiating synaptic plasticity. Long-term potentiation (LTP)-like changes in LA CS processing are critical for fear memory storage (LeDoux 2000; Blair et al. 2001; Maren 2001; Walker and Davis 2002). LA receives auditory CS inputs from the thalamus and cortex and connects directly and indirectly with the central nucleus of the amygdala to control expression of Pavlovian fear responses.Of the noradrenergic receptor subtypes, alpha1 receptors have received the least attention in fear conditioning. LA receives NE-containing inputs from the locus coeruleus that fire tonically and phasically in response to aversive stimuli like footshock (Pitkänen 2000; Tanaka et al. 2000; Aston-Jones and Cohen 2005). Alpha1-adrenergic receptors are expressed in LA, most likely on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Jones et al. 1985; Domyancic and Morilak 1997). Alpha1 receptor activation stimulates GABA-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in LA (Braga et al. 2004), suggesting that alpha1 receptors contribute to inhibition in fear conditioning pathways. Several elegant experiments recently demonstrated that LA inhibition gates synaptic plasticity necessary for fear conditioning, and this inhibitory gate can be influenced by neuromodulators including NE (Stutzmann and LeDoux 1999; Shumyatsky et al. 2002; Bissière et al. 2003; Shaban et al. 2006; Shin et al. 2006; Tully et al. 2007). However, the role of alpha1 receptor activity in gating amygdala LTP and fear learning has never been examined.We hypothesized that alpha1 blockers would facilitate fear learning, possibly by impairing LA inhibition and facilitating LA LTP. To test this hypothesis, we injected rats with terazosin, a selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, systemically or directly into LA before or after fear conditioning. We examined in vitro the effect of terazosin on LA pyramidal cell inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in response to fiber stimulation of the thalamic CS input pathway to LA, as well as the effect of terazosin on LA LTP in this same pathway. We found that intra-LA terazosin facilitated fear conditioning when injected before but not after training. We also found that terazosin impaired IPSCs in LA pyramidal cells, leading to facilitated EPSCs and LTP.Behavioral experiments were conducted on adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats (Hilltop Laboratory Animals) weighing approximately 300 g upon arrival. Rats were individually housed, maintained on a 12/12 h light/dark schedule, and allowed free access to food and water. Testing was conducted during the light phase. All procedures and experiments were approved by NYU''s Animal Care and Use Committee.For systemic injections, terazosin (20 mg/kg; Sigma) was dissolved in saline and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior to conditioning in 1 mL/kg volume. For bilateral infusions, terazosin (125 ng/0.25 µL) was dissolved in aCSF and infused into the LA at 0.1 µL/min 30 min prior to or immediately after fear conditioning. Bilateral guide cannulae (22 gauge; Plastics One) aimed at LA (−3.3 mm anterior, 5.2 mm lateral, −7 mm dorsal to bregma) were surgically implanted as previously described (Sotres-Bayon et al. 2009). Rats were given at least 7 d to recover from surgery before testing. For infusions, dummy cannulae were removed, and infusion cannulae (28 gauge, +1 mm beyond guides) were inserted into guides. Infusion cannulae were connected to a 1.0 μL Hamilton syringe via polyethylene tubing. Infusion rate was controlled by a pump (PHD22/2000; Harvard Apparatus), and infusion cannulae were left in place for an additional 60 sec to allow diffusion of the solution away from the cannula tip, then dummy cannulae were replaced. Upon completion of the experiment, rats were euthanized, brains removed, and cannulae placements verified histologically as previously described (Sotres-Bayon et al. 2009).Two contexts (A and B) were used for all testing as previously described (Schiller et al. 2008). The grid floors in Context B were covered with black Plexiglas inserts to reduce generalization. No odors were used and chambers were cleaned between sessions. CSs were 30 sec, 5 kHz, 80 dB tones, and USs were 1 sec, 0.8 mA scrambled electric footshocks. Experiments consisted of two phases separated by 48 h: (1) fear conditioning in Context A and (2) long-term memory (LTM) test in Context B. On Day 1, rats were placed in Context A, allowed 5 min to acclimate, and then received three CS–US pairings separated by variable 5 min ITIs. On Day 3, rats were placed in Context B and allowed 5 min to acclimate before receiving one CS-alone presentation.The index of fear in behavioral experiments was “freezing,” the absence of all non-respiratory movement (Blanchard and Blanchard 1971; Fanselow 1980). Following testing, freezing was manually scored from DVDs by a scorer blind to group specification. Graphs represent group means ± SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted with GraphPad Prism.Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings were obtained from LA pyramidal cells using in vitro coronal slices from rats aged P21–P30 d as described in Cunha et al. (2010). Terazosin was bath-applied for 10 min to achieve stable responses before testing. The cells were voltage-clamped using an Axopatch 200B amplifier at −35 mV for recording EPSCs and IPSCs. Synaptic responses were evoked with sharpened tungsten bipolar stimulating electrodes. Internal capsule fibers containing thalamic afferents were stimulated for paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) (ISI = 50 msec; 0.1 Hz) using a photoelectric stimulus isolation unit with a constant current output. Cells were rejected if access resistance (8–26 MΩ) changed more than 15%. Signals were filtered at 2 kHz and digitized (Digidata 1440 A; Axon Instruments), and peak amplitude, 10%–90% rise time, and IPSC decay time constants were analyzed offline using pCLAMP10.2 software (Axon Instruments).Brain slices for LTP experiments were prepared from rats aged 3–5 wk as in Johnson et al. (2008) and maintained on an interface chamber at 31°C. Glass recording electrodes (filled with aCSF, 5 MΩ resistance) were guided to LA neurons. Bipolar stainless steel stimulating electrodes (75 kΩ) were positioned medial to LA in internal capsule fibers. Orthodromic synaptic potentials were evoked via an isolated current generator (Digitimer; 100 μsec pulses of 0.3–0.7 mA). Evoked field potentials were recorded with an Axoclamp 2B amplifier and Axon WCP software (Axon Instruments). Data were analyzed offline using WCP PeakFit (Axon Instruments). LTP was measured as a change in evoked field potential amplitude.Baseline responses were monitored at 0.05 Hz for 30 min with a stimulus intensity of 40%–50% of maximum fEPSP before LTP induction. Terazosin (10 µM) was superfused for 15 min, and then LTP was elicited by three tetanus trains (100 Hz × 1 sec, 3 min ITI) with the same intensity and pulse duration as the baseline stimuli. In one experiment, picrotoxin (PTX; 75 µM) was present in the perfusion solution to block fast GABAergic signaling.     

职业决策困难研究述评

职业决策困难是指个人在职业决策过程中所遇到的各种难题,其一直是生涯心理学当中一个非常重要的研究主题.它会以两种方式影响职业决策结果:一是,导致个体无法做出决定;二是,导致个体做出劣质决定.本文回顾了1980～2012年国内外相关研究,对职业决策困难的概念界定、亚类型、结构、测量工具、影响因素和干预措施进行了系统梳理.在此基础上,对未来研究方向进行了展望,指出未来研究需要进一步清晰界定职业决策困难的内涵和外延、对维度构成达成共识、深入探索形成机制以及加强定制化干预研究.     

上海市青少年心理适应性研究

心理适应是心理健康的外在表现,更是现代社会中个体心理健康的重要标志.为了了解处于社会迅速转型时期的国际大都市上海地区青少年心理适应的状况,在全国调查的背景下,通过对上海地区小学五年级至高中三年级1515名青少年的调查和对仝国数据的比较发现:(1)上海市青少年的心理适应性总体水平略低于全国;(2)存在显著的年级差异,但与全国不同的是初二年级的心理适应性最差;(3)适应性在总体上不存在性别差异,但是女生在生理适应方面显著高于男生,而男生在人际适应方面显著高于女生;(4)学校性质、年龄、性别、家庭所在地、父母受教育水平、家庭月收入等因素与青少年心理适应性密切相关.