EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND DRUG COMBINATIONS IN PIGEONS TRAINED TO DISCRIMINAT AMONG PENTOBARBITAL,DIZOCILPINE, A COMBINATION OF THESE DRUGS,AND SALIN

Drugs with multiple actions can have complex discriminative‐stimulus properties. An approach to studying such drugs is to train subjects to discriminate among drug combinations and individual drugs in the combination so that all of the complex discriminative stimuli are present during training. In the current experiments, a four‐choice procedure was used to train pigeons to discriminate among dizocilpine (noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker), pentobarbital (GABA_A receptor agonist), a fixed‐dose combination of these two drugs, and saline. Following extended training, low doses of pentobarbital or dizocilpine administered alone produced saline‐appropriate responding. Higher doses of pentobarbital produced responding on the pentobarbital‐appropriate key and higher doses of dizocilpine produced responding on the dizocilpine key. Administering the lowest doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine together resulted in responding on the saline‐appropriate key. Increasing the dose of pentobarbital in the presence of low doses of dizocilpine produced responding primarily on the pentobarbital‐appropriate key; increasing the dose of dizocilpine in the presence of the lowest dose of pentobarbital produced responding primarily on the dizocilpine‐appropriate key. Combining the higher doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine resulted in responding primarily on the drug‐combination key. Low doses of phencyclidine or ethanol produced responding on the saline‐appropriate key, but intermediate doses resulted in individual subjects responding predominately on either the pentobarbital key, the dizocilpine key, or the drug‐combination key depending on the subject. After the highest dose of phencyclidine or ethanol, most subjects responded predominantly on the drug‐combination key. Low doses of other drugs tested produced responding on the saline‐appropriate key. With the highest diazepam doses responding was largely confined to the pentobarbital‐appropriate key. The highest doses of dextromethorphan or dextrorphan resulted in responding on the dizocilpine key more frequently than on other keys. Across a range of doses, morphine produced responding predominantly on the saline key. The results using the four‐key procedure emphasized the role of both GABA_A and NMDA receptors in the complex discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine and of ethanol.     

ACACIA: an agent-based program for simulating behavior to reach long-term goals

We present ACACIA, an agent-based program implemented in Java StarLogo 2.0 that simulates a two-dimensional microworld populated by agents, obstacles and goals. Our program simulates how agents can reach long-term goals by following sensorial-motor couplings (SMCs) that control how the agents interact with their environment and other agents through a process of local categorization. Thus, while acting in accordance with this set of SMCs, the agents reach their goals through the emergence of global behaviors. This agent-based simulation program would allow us to understand some psychological processes such as planning behavior from the point of view that the complexity of these processes is the result of agent–environment interaction.     

无边界职业生涯取向与青年员工职业成功：职业胜任力的中介作用

基于职业成功的胜任力模型,探讨无边界职业生涯取向与青年员工职业成功的关系。采用两阶段（two-wave）问卷调查法,以385名35岁以下的年轻员工为样本进行研究。结果表明,无边界思维模式与青年员工的主观职业成功、客观职业成功均显著地正相关,职业胜任力在其中起完全中介作用;组织流动性偏好与青年员工的主观职业成功、客观职业成功均显著地负相关,职业胜任力在其中起中介作用。研究证实了无边界职业生涯取向对青年员工职业成功的“双刃剑”效应,为青年员工的职业生涯管理提供了重要启示。     

Using intraverbal training to increase symbolic play in children with autism spectrum disorder

We evaluated the effects of an intraverbal training procedure on the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of object‐substitution symbolic play in three 6‐year‐old Korean boys with autism spectrum disorder. A multiple probe across four behaviors design was used. All children acquired target symbolic play behavior, and novel responses emerged in training and follow‐up conditions. Generalization of object substitutions to untaught objects occurred in all three children. Free play observations indicated that symbolic play emerged in one child, and functional play increased in all three children.     

Die traditionelle chinesische Kultur und das gegenwärtige Rechtssystem Chinas

Ohne ZusammenfassungVortrag gehalten an der Rechtswissenchaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg (Schweiz) am 15. Dezember 1988. Für ihre Hilfe bei der Überarbeitung des deutschen Textes spreche ich den Herren Prof. Dr. Guido Küng von der Universität Freiburg/Schweiz, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Manthe von der Universität Passau/BRD und Dr. Michael Dallmann vom Max-Planck-Institut Hamburg meinen herzlichen Dank aus.     

进化伦理学的综合理论探析

进化伦理学包含了大量的综合理论,即进化论与伦理学的综合、元伦理学与规范伦理学的综合、功利主义与道义论的综合.对于这些综合理论的研究将有助于推动道德研究从形而上学走向实证主义.     

The Diversity Paradox: Opportunities and Challenges of “Contact in Context” Across Development

As the United States diversifies, we review research on both the benefits and challenges of diversity in developmental science. Taking a “contact in context” approach, we focus on how structural and interpersonal diversity influence ethnic/racial developmental processes and outcomes from early childhood to adolescence. We also consider how a child’s own ethnicity/race may shape diversity experiences. We offer this review with the ultimate goal of optimizing benefits and minimizing challenges. We offer a “contact in context” conceptual model that integrates diversity at multiple levels, child ethnicity/race, and developmental changes over time. We conclude with recommendations for future research.     

Gender differences in adolescent coping behaviors and suicidal ideation: findings from a sample of 73,238 adolescents

Suicide among adolescents is an emerging global public health problem as well as a socioeconomic problem. Stress-coping strategies have been shown to be associated with suicidal ideation. We examined coping behaviors related to suicidal ideation and gender differences in adolescents using the data from the 2010 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (ages 12–19 years; N = 73,238). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between suicidal ideation and specific coping behaviors while controlling for potentially confounding variables. In both male and female groups, the coping behavior “drinking alcoholic beverages” and “smoking cigarettes” were positively associated with suicidal ideation. “Watching TV,” “playing online/mobile games,” and “sleeping” were negatively associated with suicidal ideation in both groups. In males, “engaging in sports” was negatively related to suicidal ideation. In females, “venting by talking to others” and “eating” were negatively related to suicidal ideation. The results indicate that there are gender differences in the effects of coping behaviors on adolescent suicidal ideation, and that developing adaptive coping strategies may function to reduce suicidality. Future studies are needed to examine whether improving coping skills can reduce suicidal ideation in a gender-specific manner.