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191.
We propose a new schema for the deduction theorem and prove that the deductive system S of a prepositional logic L fulfills the proposed schema if and only if there exists a finite set A(p, q) of propositional formulae involving only prepositional letters p and q such that A(p, p) L and p, A(p, q) s
q. 相似文献
192.
193.
194.
We say that a semantical function is correlated with a syntactical function F iff for any structure A and any sentence we have A F
A .It is proved that for a syntactical function F there is a semantical function correlated with F iff F preserves propositional connectives up to logical equivalence. For a semantical function there is a syntactical function F correlated with iff for any finitely axiomatizable class X the class
–1X is also finitely axiomatizable (i.e. iff is continuous in model class topology). 相似文献
195.
Wiesław Dziobiak 《Studia Logica》1980,39(4):375-379
Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ?0? 相似文献
196.
Radzikowski C 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):103-110
The use of experimental animals, mostly rodents, in biomedical research and especially in oncology and immunology should be
acknowledged with respect, recognizing the contribution of animal experimentation in the fascinating scientific progress in
these disciplines of research. It is an obligation of the investigator to justify the scientific and ethical aspects of each
study requiring the use of animals. The international guiding principles for using animals in biomedical research are well
defined and have been distributed worldwide by the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) since 1956,
when this Organization was founded. In Poland the ICLAS philosophy and principles are highly respected and were implemented
firstly by the members of the Commission on Biology of Experimental Animals appointed in 1962 by the Department of Medical
Science of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Animal Protection Acts, first proclaimed in 1928 were gradually modified
and improved. Actual legislation (enacted in 1997, 2003 and 2005) is consistent with EU Directives (86/609/EEC) and follows
the internationally recommended principles that include ICLAS guidelines concerning animal welfare and care condition in biomedical
research. The problem of “alternative methods” is briefly discussed.
Dr. Donald Boisvert, CCAC — Canadian Council on Animal Care
A lecture on the subject of this paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference entitled ‘The Responsible
Conduct of Basic and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005.
The author is the National Representative of Polish Academy of Science to the International Council for Laboratory Animal
Science (ICLAS) and a Member of the ICLAS Governing Board. 相似文献
197.
Jerzy Słupecki 《Studia Logica》1970,26(1):147-154
Allatum est die 1 Augusti 1969 相似文献
198.
Kaczmarski Mikołaj Kaczmarek Jan M. Kowalski Krzysztof Borowski Karol Kęsy Jacek Kloskowski Janusz 《Animal cognition》2023,26(5):1705-1711
Animal Cognition - The efficiency of aposematic colouration of prey is based on the innate bias or facilitation of avoidance learning of predators. In many toxic bufonids, larvae are uniformly... 相似文献
199.
Michał Białek Yajing Gao Donna Yao Gilad Feldman 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(1):90-107
Mere ownership effect is the phenomenon that people tend to value what they own more than what they do not own. This classic effect is considered robust, yet effect sizes vary across studies, and the effect is often confused for or confounded with other classic phenomena, such as endowment or mere exposure effects. We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of 26 samples published before 2019 (N = 3024), which resulted in psychological ownership on valuing effect of g ∼ 0.57 [0.46, 0.69]. Suggestive moderator analyses supported the use of replica as the strongest moderators. Mere ownership effects were different from the null across all moderator categories and in most publication bias adjustments. We consider this as suggestive evidence that psychological owning leads to valuing, yet caution that much more research is needed. All materials, data, and codes are available on https://osf.io/fdyqw/ . 相似文献
200.
Bartłomiej Taurogiński Antonina Bryniarska Barbara Józefik 《Journal of Family Therapy》2023,45(3):331-347
The constructionist view assumes that therapy participants' maps of understanding depend on the institutional context and their personal perspectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial maps of difficulties reported by family members starting family therapy. 106 families that were referred to a psychiatric institution for outpatient family therapy were asked open-ended questions regarding the context of the referral, and goal and problem formulation for the therapy. The data were analysed via the consensual qualitative research-modified (CQR-M) method, and comparisons between groups were performed. The obtained results show a diversity of perspectives. Of interest was the predominance of medical language in describing the problem and relational language in describing the goal of therapy. An analysis of differences between mothers, fathers, adolescent patient and their siblings was also performed. The findings highlight the complexity of notions that families start family therapy with and may help therapists navigate through the therapeutic contract formulation process. 相似文献