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891.
Repperger DW Aleva DL Thomas G Miller JE Fullenkamp SC 《Perceptual and motor skills》2007,105(1):287-298
Two investigations on how humans perceive information from visually rendered complex objects, such as military icons (glyphs) were conducted. A signal detection theory framework was employed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of human subject performance. The 6 adults tested showed that as complexity increased, their accuracy in performance decreased. Study 1 showed that complex dimensions (features) could not be assigned arbitrarily. Study 2 developed a rank ordering for features of an iconic object. 相似文献
892.
Helms JE 《The American psychologist》2007,62(9):1083-1085
Replies to comments by R. J. Griffore and D. A. Newman et al on the author's original article on test validity and cultural bias in racial-group assessment. Helms notes that, given that within-group variance exceeds between-groups variance, racial groups are probably simulating a psychological construct that is more strongly related to individuals' test scores than to their respective racial group's mean test scores. Therefore, models of individual differences, such as her Helms individual-differences (HID) model, that remove construct-irrelevant racial variance, are needed to make the testing process fair at the level of individual African American, Latino/Latina American, and Native American test takers. Her HID model is intended to focus attention on identifying the factors responsible for the racial-group-level differences and, thereby, assist test users to look beyond presumed physical appearance (e.g., racial-group designations) for explanations of individuals' cognitive abilities, knowledge, or skills test scores. 相似文献
893.
Across the first year of life, infants show decreased sensitivity to phonetic differences not used in the native language [Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behaviour and Development, 7, 49-63]. In an artificial language learning manipulation, Maye, Werker, and Gerken [Maye, J., Werker, J. F., & Gerken, L. (2002). Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition, 82(3), B101-B111] found that infants change their speech sound categories as a function of the distributional properties of the input. For such a distributional learning mechanism to be functional, however, it is essential that the input speech contain distributional cues to support such perceptual learning. To test this, we recorded Japanese and English mothers teaching words to their infants. Acoustic analyses revealed language-specific differences in the distributions of the cues used by mothers (or cues present in the input) to distinguish the vowels. The robust availability of these cues in maternal speech adds support to the hypothesis that distributional learning is an important mechanism whereby infants establish native language phonetic categories. 相似文献
894.
OBJECTIVE: Use of message framing for encouraging vaccination, an increasingly common preventive health behavior, has received little empirical investigation. The authors examined the relative effectiveness of gain-versus loss-framed messages in promoting acceptance of a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)-a virus responsible for virtually all cases of cervical cancer. DESIGN: Undergraduate women (N = 121) were randomly assigned to read a booklet describing the benefits of receiving (gain-framed message) or the costs of not receiving (loss-framed message) a prophylactic HPV vaccine. After reading the booklet, participants indicated their intent to obtain the HPV vaccine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A 5-item composite representing intentions to obtain the HPV vaccine. RESULTS: The effect of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptance was moderated by risky sexual behavior and approach avoidance motivation. A loss-framed message led to greater HPV vaccination intentions than a gain framed message but only among participants who had multiple sexual partners and participants who infrequently used condoms. The loss-frame advantage was also observed among participants high in avoidance motivation. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight characteristics of the message recipient that may affect the success of framed messages promoting vaccine acceptance. This study has practical implications for the development of health communications promoting vaccination. 相似文献
895.
Classical amnesia involves selective memory impairment for temporally distant items in free recall (impaired primacy) together
with relative preservation of memory for recency items. This abnormal serial position curve is traditionally taken as evidence
for a distinction between different memory processes, with amnesia being associated with selectively impaired long-term memory.
However recent accounts of normal serial position curves have emphasized the importance of rehearsal processes in giving rise
to primacy effects and have suggested that a single temporal distinctiveness mechanism can account for both primacy and recency
effects when rehearsal is considered. Here we explore the pattern of strategic rehearsal in a patient with very severe amnesia.
When the patient’s rehearsal pattern is taken into account, a temporal distinctiveness model can account for the serial position
curve in both amnesic and control free recall. The results are taken as consistent with temporal distinctiveness models of
free recall, and they motivate an emphasis on rehearsal patterns in understanding amnesic deficits in free recall. 相似文献
896.
Jones et al. (Jones, Hughes, & Macken, 2006; Jones, Macken, & Nicholls, 2004) identify the interaction between phonological similarity, articulatory suppression, and stimulus presentation mode in verbal short-term memory as potentially providing important support for the phonological loop hypothesis. They find such an interaction but attribute it to "perceptual organization masquerading as phonological storage". We present data using shorter letter sequences and find clear evidence of the interaction predicted by the phonological loop hypothesis, which, unlike the evidence of Jones et al., is not limited to recency, and which provides continued support for the phonological loop hypothesis. 相似文献
897.
898.
899.
This study investigated the effects of individually delivered verbal and graphic (process) feedback alone and in combination with praise on the data-recording behavior of 12 direct-care trainers (DCTs) who recorded their reinforcer deliveries contingent on their clients' appropriate behavior. Also, the study examined the effect of the time of feedback delivery on subsequent DCT data-recording behavior. Correspondence checks were conducted and a three-phase multiple condition experimental design was implemented. All feedback conditions produced a difference in data-recording behavior. Time of delivery of feedback also appeared to have an effect on the amount of data recorded. ©1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
900.