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21.
Metacognitions of agency were investigated using a computer task in which X’s and O’s streamed from the top of a computer screen, and the participants moved the mouse to get the cursor to touch the X’s and avoid the O’s. After each 15 s trial, participants made judgments of agency and judgments of performance. Objective control was either undistorted, or distorted by (1) Turbulence (i.e., random noise), (2) a Lag between the mouse and cursor movements (of 250 or 500 ms), or (3) ‘Magic,’ (i.e., an increased radius around the X’s for which credit was given). In Experiment 1, college students’ judgments of agency showed that they were sensitive to all three manipulations. They also indicated that they felt more in control in the Lag conditions, where there was a rule on which they could potentially capitalize, than in the matched Turbulence conditions. In Experiment 2, older adults were also sensitive to all three manipulations, but less so than the college students. They were not sensitive to the difference between the Lag and Turbulence manipulations. Finally, in Experiment 3, 8–10 year-old children were sensitive to their loss of control equally in the Lag and Turbulence conditions. However, when performance was artificially improved, in the Magic condition, children took full credit and showed no evidence that they realized that the results were due to an external variable. Together, these findings suggest that people’s metacognition of agency changes in important ways across the lifespan. 相似文献
22.
Melody A. Menezes Jan M. Hodgson Margaret A. Sahhar MaryAnne Aitken Sylvia A. Metcalfe 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(6):640-652
Prenatal genetic counselors work with clients who are at risk of having a child with a fetal anomaly, or who have been diagnosed
with a fetal anomaly. This can raise challenging ethical, moral and legal issues for both clients and counselors. Few studies
have explored whether this type of work impacts on genetic counselors themselves. Interviews were conducted with 15 prenatal
genetic counselors, five from Toronto, Canada and ten from Melbourne, Australia. A qualitative approach was used to allow
for an in-depth exploration of the experiences of genetic counselors working in the prenatal setting. While participants reported
that working in a prenatal setting affected them in several ways, this paper focuses on one particular unanticipated finding—that
of the impact experienced by counselors from both countries while working when pregnant. 相似文献
23.
David Winter Ruth Archer Penny Spearman Marie Costello Ash Quaite Chris Metcalfe 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2003,3(4):261-269
This paper reports two studies of individual psychodynamic counselling provided by a voluntary sector service. The first study examines evidence of the effectiveness of counselling, as evaluated by the General Health Questionnaire and Personal Opinion Survey. Measures of the process of counselling indicated the improvements that clients attributed to counselling, the changes that occurred during it, and the factors that were most beneficial, as well as the approaches used by counsellors. The second study, using the CORE Outcome Measure and ratings of problem severity, found counselling to be equally effective with disadvantaged and non‐disadvantaged clients, as defined by British Department of Health criteria, but these clients differed somewhat in their perceptions of helpful aspects of counselling. Both studies also indicated predictors of positive outcome of counselling. The studies are used to illustrate some of the methodological issues around research in this area. 相似文献
24.
The objective of this study was to explore parents’ communication about risk with siblings of children affected by an inherited
genetic condition, and to ascertain what level of support, if any, is required from health professionals. Semi-structured
interviews were conducted with affected and unaffected children and their parents. Families were affected by one of six genetic
conditions representing different patterns of inheritance and variations in age of onset, life expectancy and impact on families.
Interviews were analysed using constructivist grounded theory and informed by models which focused on three different aspects
of family communication. Interviews with 33 families showed that siblings’ information and support needs go largely unrecognized
by health professionals and sometimes by parents. Some siblings were actively informed about the genetic condition by parents,
others were left to find out and assimilate information by themselves. Siblings were given information about the current symptoms
and management of the genetic condition but were less likely to know about its hereditary nature and their own potential risk.
When siblings were fully informed about the condition and included in family discussion, they had a better understanding of
their role within their family, and family relationships were reported to be more harmonious. The information and support
needs of siblings can be overlooked. Parents with the responsibility for caring for a child affected by a genetic condition
may require support from health professionals to understand and respond to their unaffected children’s need for more information
about the genetic condition and its implications for the children’s own future health and reproductive decision-making. 相似文献
25.
The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the feeling that accompanies temporary inaccessibility of an item that a person is trying
to retrieve. TOTs have been studied experimentally since the seminal work of Brown and McNeill (1966). TOTs are experiences that accompany some failed or slow retrievals, and they can result in changes in retrieval behavior
itself, allowing us to study the interplay among experience, retrieval, and behavior. We often attribute the experience of
the TOT to the unretrieved target, but TOTs are based on a variety of cues, heuristics, or sources of evidence, such as partial
information, related information, and cue familiarity, that predict the likelihood of overcoming retrieval failure. We present
a synthesis of the direct-access view, which accounts for retrieval failure, and the heuristic–metacognitive view, which accounts
for the experience of the TOT. We offer several avenues for future research and applications of TOT theory and data. 相似文献
26.
Metcalfe AW Campbell JI 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(3):661-672
Accurate measurement of cognitive strategies is important in diverse areas of psychological research. Strategy self-reports are a common measure, but C. Thevenot, M. Fanget, and M. Fayol (2007) proposed a more objective method to distinguish different strategies in the context of mental arithmetic. In their operand recognition paradigm, speed of recognition memory for problem operands after solving a problem indexes strategy (e.g., direct memory retrieval vs. a procedural strategy). Here, in 2 experiments, operand recognition time was the same following simple addition or multiplication, but, consistent with a wide variety of previous research, strategy reports indicated much greater use of procedures (e.g., counting) for addition than multiplication. Operation, problem size (e.g., 2 + 3 vs. 8 + 9), and operand format (digits vs. words) had interactive effects on reported procedure use that were not reflected in recognition performance. Regression analyses suggested that recognition time was influenced at least as much by the relative difficulty of the preceding problem as by the strategy used. The findings indicate that the operand recognition paradigm is not a reliable substitute for strategy reports and highlight the potential impact of difficulty-related carryover effects in sequential cognitive tasks. 相似文献
27.
In the 1970s, Robin Giles introduced a game combining Lorenzen-style dialogue rules with a simple scheme for betting on the
truth of atomic statements, and showed that the existence of winning strategies for the game corresponds to the validity of
formulas in Łukasiewicz logic. In this paper, it is shown that ‘disjunctive strategies’ for Giles’s game, combining ordinary
strategies for all instances of the game played on the same formula, may be interpreted as derivations in a corresponding
proof system. In particular, such strategies mirror derivations in a hypersequent calculus developed in recent work on the
proof theory of Łukasiewicz logic.
Presented by Daniele Mundici 相似文献
28.
The development of posture and locomotion provides a valuable window for understanding the ontogeny of perception-action relations. In this study, 13 infants were examined cross-sectionally while standing quietly either hands-free or while lightly touching a contact surface. Mean sway amplitude results indicate that infants use light touch for sway attenuation (≈28–40%) as has been seen previously with adults (Jeka & Lackner, 1994). Additionally, while using the contact surface, movement patterns of the head and trunk show reduced temporal coordination (≈25–40%), as well as increased temporal variability, as compared to no touch conditions. These findings are discussed with regard to the ontogeny of perception-action relations, with the overall conclusion that infants use somatosensory information in an exploratory manner to aid in the development of an accurate internal model of upright postural control. 相似文献
29.
Küng Stephanie A. Saavedra-Avendano Biani Vélez Evelyn Aldaz Piñeros María Consuelo Mejía Metcalfe Gillian M. Fawcett Darney Blair G. 《Journal of religion and health》2021,60(3):1600-1612
Journal of Religion and Health - We used a nationally representative survey of 2186 Mexican Catholic parents to assess two outcomes: support for adolescent access to modern contraception and... 相似文献
30.