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In a target detection task involving sustained attentional monitoring, rhythmic properties of tone sequences were found to affect detection performance (area under receiver-operating characteristic curves) and reaction times. Alternating tone frequencies (high, low) formed three different recurrent rhythms (binary, trinary, mixed) which varied in complexity. Attentional set was also manipulated so that participants attended either to tones of both frequencies (divided) or to only the higher of the two tones (selective). The most interesting finding involved an interaction between attentional set and rhythm, indicating that selective attending is enhanced by the most complex (mixed) rhythm, whereas divided attending tends to be best with the simplest rhythm (binary). Results are discussed in terms of a theory of dynamic attending, in which it is assumed that listeners actively use attending oscillators to direct attending. 相似文献
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Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Kirk R. Blankstein Shawn W. Mosher 《Current Psychology》1995,14(2):112-137
The present research tested the hypothesis that perfectionists who experience stress are vulnerable to depression, in part
because negative life events represent a failure to maintain control over negative outcomes. In Study 1, 215 subjects completed
the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and control measures. The MPS assesses self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially
prescribed perfectionism. It was confirmed that self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism were associated with both higher
desire for control and greater perceived personal control. Study 2 examined whether trait levels of perfectionism moderate
the link between life stress and symptoms of depression. In addition, prospective analyses investigated whether perfectionism
accounts for changes in levels of depressive symptomatology over time. Two samples comprised of 374 students (Sample 1) and
173 students (Sample 2) completed the MPS and measures of major life stress and depression symptoms. Subjects in Sample 2
completed these measures at two timepoints separated by a three-month interval. Regression analyses indicated that self-oriented
perfectionism and life stress interact significantly to produce higher levels of depressive symptomatology. Moreover, in Sample
2, self-oriented perfectionism at Time 1 was associated with increases in depression symptoms three months later for those
individuals who had experienced a major life event. The results provide support for diathesis-stress models, which maintain
that perfectionists exposed to life stress are vulnerable to symptoms of depression. The results are discussed in terms of
their implications for the study of personality, stress, and vulnerability to symptoms of depression.
This research was supported by grants #410-89-0335, #410-91-8056, and #410-93-1256 from the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada awarded to the authors. 相似文献
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This experiment examined the impact of gender on cancer-related stigma from Weiner’s (An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Springer, New York, 1986) attributional perspective. Undergraduates (n?=?204; 59% female; 71% White) and community members (n?=?85; 62% female; 64% White) in the northeastern U.S. were assigned randomly to listen to an audiotaped interview of a target person with lung cancer in which gender and smoking status (nonsmoker, smoker, or unspecified) were manipulated. Participant and target gender predicted participants’ perceptions of disease controllability and anger toward the target person. The target person’s smoking status also predicted participants’ perceptions of disease controllability and emotional responses to the target person. Findings partially support Weiner’s (An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Springer, New York, 1986) theory and suggest that the relationship between gender and cancer-related stigma deserves further investigation. 相似文献
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This study was designed to examine the impact of caregiver gender and employment status on laypeople's willingness to support the caregiver. A total of 216 undergraduates were randomly assigned to read 1 of 4 vignettes that described an individual caring for his or her physically ill spouse. Caregiver gender (man or woman) and employment status (full-time employment or retirement) were manipulated. Overall, female participants reported that they would provide higher levels of support than did male participants, particularly with regard to emotional support. Male participants were more likely than female participants to attend to caregiver employment status when rating their level of instrumental support provision. Gender of the caregiver did not exert an effect. Findings are interpreted in light of gender norms that allocate care of sick family members to women. 相似文献
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Assessing Differences in Athlete-Reported Outcomes Between High and Low-Quality Youth Sport Programs
Corliss Bean Meghan Harlow Alexandra Mosher Jessica Fraser-Thomas Tanya Forneris 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2018,30(4):456-472
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in athlete-reported outcomes based on sport program quality. Twenty-four sport programs were observed using the Program Quality Assessment in Youth Sport (PQAYS) observation tool. A two-step cluster analysis based on total PQAYS scores revealed two groups (low quality = 16, high quality = 8). Athletes (N = 324) completed 3 questionnaires related to basic needs support, needs satisfaction, and developmental experiences. Results indicated that athletes in high-quality programs perceived significantly greater opportunities for autonomy, relatedness, and choice, as well as higher perceptions of goal setting and lower negative experiences compared to youth in lower quality programs. 相似文献
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This study was designed to examine relations among agentic and communal personality traits, attitudes toward sex, and sexual experiences in a sample of 202 undergraduates. As predicted, acceptance of interpersonal violence, with particular reference to intimate and sexual relationships, was positively associated with unmitigated agency. Among male participants, willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations was positively associated with unmitigated agency and negatively associated with communion and unmitigated communion. Among female participants, agency was positively related to satisfaction with current sexual and romantic relationships. These results partially support Helgesons (1994) theoretical model that links unmitigated agency to relational conflict and instability and links communion to emotional bonding and commitment. 相似文献