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81.
Staub A Grant M Clifton C Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(5):1326-1328
In this brief rejoinder, we respond to Farmer, Monaghan, Misyak, and Christiansen (2011). We argue that the data still do not support the claim that reading time is affected by the phonological typicality of a word for its part of speech. We also question Farmer et al.'s claim that interleaving syntactic structures in an experiment modifies grammatically based syntactic expectations. 相似文献
82.
Michael J. Stroud Tamaryn Menneer Kyle R. Cave Nick Donnelly Keith Rayner 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(6):971-982
Searching for two targets simultaneously is often less efficient than conducting two separate searches. Eye movements were tracked to understand this dual‐target cost. Findings are discussed in the context of security screening. In both single‐target and dual‐target search, displays contained one target at most. Stimuli were abstract shapes modelled after guns and other threat items. With these targets and distractors, colour information helped more in guiding search than shape information. When the two targets had different colours, distractors with colours different from either target were fixated more often in dual‐target search than in single‐target searches. Thus a dual‐target cost arose from a reduction in colour selectivity, reflecting limitations in the ability to represent two target features simultaneously and use them to guide search. Because of these limitations, performance in security searches may improve if each image is searched by two screeners, each specializing in a different category of threat item. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
83.
Associations between romantic views and sexual behavior were examined in a community sample of 200 high school adolescents. This study incorporated interview and self‐report measures of romantic views, assessed multiple facets of sexual behavior (frequency, rapidity, onset, and risky behavior), and examined light nongenital, heavy nongenital, and genital sexual behaviors. Avoidant romantic views were related to later onset of genital sexual behavior and less frequent sexual behavior, particularly light and heavy nongenital behaviors. Anxious views were related to more frequent sexual behavior and more risky behavior. Direct effects were found between avoidant views and light and heavy nongenital sexual frequency, and indirect effects were found between avoidant views and genital frequency, onset of heavy nongenital and genital sexual behavior. 相似文献
84.
85.
Keith Rayner 《心理与行为研究》2011,9(1):1
This special issue of the journal consists of articles based on talks by some of the invited speakers at the Fourth Chinese International Conference on Eye Movements held in Tianjin in May 2010. Prior meetings of 相似文献
86.
Pollatsek A Juhasz BJ Reichle ED Machacek D Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(3):726-750
Three experiments examined the effects in sentence reading of varying the frequency and length of an adjective on (a) fixations on the adjective and (b) fixations on the following noun. The gaze duration on the adjective was longer for low frequency than for high frequency adjectives and longer for long adjectives than for short adjectives. This contrasted with the spillover effects: Gaze durations on the noun were longer when adjectives were low frequency but were actually shorter when the adjectives were long. The latter effect, which seems anomalous, can be explained by three mechanisms: (a) Fixations on the noun are less optimal after short adjectives because of less optimal targeting; (b) shorter adjectives are more difficult to process because they have more neighbors; and (c) prior fixations before skips are less advantageous places to extract parafoveal information. The viability of these hypotheses as explanations of this reverse length effect on the noun was examined in simulations using an updated version of the E-Z Reader model (A. Pollatsek, K. Reichle, & E. D. Rayner, 2006c; E. D. Reichle, A. Pollatsek, D. L. Fisher, & K. Rayner, 1998). 相似文献
87.
Bai X Yan G Liversedge SP Zang C Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(5):1277-1287
Native Chinese readers' eye movements were monitored as they read text that did or did not demark word boundary information. In Experiment 1, sentences had 4 types of spacing: normal unspaced text, text with spaces between words, text with spaces between characters that yielded nonwords, and finally text with spaces between every character. The authors investigated whether the introduction of spaces into unspaced Chinese text facilitates reading and whether the word or, alternatively, the character is a unit of information that is of primary importance in Chinese reading. Global and local measures indicated that sentences with unfamiliar word spaced format were as easy to read as visually familiar unspaced text. Nonword spacing and a space between every character produced longer reading times. In Experiment 2, highlighting was used to create analogous conditions: normal Chinese text, highlighting that marked words, highlighting that yielded nonwords, and highlighting that marked each character. The data from both experiments clearly indicated that words, and not individual characters, are the unit of primary importance in Chinese reading. 相似文献
88.
Warren T McConnell K Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):1001-1010
Plausibility violations resulting in impossible scenarios lead to earlier and longer lasting eye movement disruption than violations resulting in highly unlikely scenarios (K. Rayner, T. Warren, B. J. Juhasz, & S. P. Liversedge, 2004; T. Warren & K. McConnell, 2007). This could reflect either differences in the timing of availability of different kinds of information (e.g., selectional restrictions, world knowledge, and context) or differences in their relative power to guide semantic interpretation. The authors investigated eye movements to possible and impossible events in real-world and fantasy contexts to determine when contextual information influences detection of impossibility cued by a semantic mismatch between a verb and an argument. Gaze durations on a target word were longer to impossible events independent of context. However, a measure of the time elapsed from first fixating the target word to moving past it showed disruption only in the real-world context. These results suggest that contextual information did not eliminate initial disruption but moderated it quickly thereafter. 相似文献
89.
Viewers looked at print advertisements as their eye movements were recorded. Half of them were asked to rate how much they liked each ad (for convenience, we will generally use the term ‘ad’ from this point on), while the other half were asked to rate the effectiveness of each ad. Previous research indicated that viewers who were asked to consider purchasing products in the ads looked at the text earlier and more often than the picture part of the ad. In contrast, viewers in the present experiment looked at the picture part of the ad earlier and longer than the text. The results indicate quite clearly that the goal of the viewer very much influences where (and for how long) viewers look at different parts of ads, but also indicate that the nature of the ad per se matters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
90.
Richard W. Puddy Richard E. Boles Meredith L. Dreyer Julie Maikranz Michael C. Roberts Eric M. Vernberg 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):253-263
We illustrate the use of formative and summative assessment in evaluating a therapeutic classroom program for children with
serious emotional disturbances. Information was analyzed based on data gathered for clinical decision-making during treatment
(formative assessment) and measurement of outcomes at discharge (summative assessment) from a school-based Intensive Mental
Health Program. Results indicated that overall ratings of daily indicators of behavior across all environments (therapeutic
classroom, neighborhood school, and home) were predictive of functioning at discharge. An ecological approach during the formative
assessment period of evaluation is important as compared to only examining individual environments. Formative assessment techniques
can predict scores on a summative assessment measure. Thus, we found supportive evidence for the formative and summative procedures
used in the Intensive Mental Health Program for therapeutic interventions, clinical decision-making, and outcomes assessment. 相似文献