Open or close the door to the outgroup? Diversity beliefs moderate the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward the outgroup

The present research investigated the moderating role of diversity beliefs with the aim of reconciling inconsistent findings regarding the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward outgroup. In Study 1, all variables were measured with self‐report scales completed by Chinese participants. In Study 2, diversity beliefs were manipulated by randomly assigning Chinese participants to a high or low diversity belief condition. In Study 3, we replicated the moderating model with American participants. Results of all three studies indicated that diversity beliefs moderated the relationship between group boundary permeability and attitudes toward outgroup. Individuals with high diversity beliefs held more positive attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). Conversely, individuals with low diversity beliefs held more negative attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). These findings suggest that when the inflow of the outgroup members is inevitable, attitudes toward the outgroup may be effectively improved by increasing diversity beliefs.     

Cultural group perception enhances sense of agency in a multicultural society

Group, which involves collective actions for achieving shared goals, can be conceptually understood as an important source of agency and control. The current research investigated whether group identity salience can enhance sense of agency within the individual. Specifically, we examined whether an activated cultural group identity, through presenting different types of cultural photographs in a predictable way, would facilitate people's sense of agency by using an implicit method, namely, intentional binding effect paradigm. Experiment 1a found that an activated cultural group identity enhanced the sense of agency. Next, Experiment 1b replicated the findings by recruiting a different ethnic group in the same society. Experiment 2 explored what may affect the intensity of induced sense of agency and found that perceived representativeness of the presented cultural stimuli was positively correlated with the intensity of induced sense of agency. Finally, Experiment 3 explored whether ethnic minority and majority groups would demonstrate different intensity of agency when their cultural identity was activated. The results showed that the sense of agency induced by the mainstream cultural stimuli was greater than that induced by the foreign cultural photographs. These patterns were not different between the two ethnic groups. Taken together, these findings reflected the dynamic nature of cultural identity construction in a multicultural society.     

Optimal cue aggregation in the absence of criterion knowledge

The study of multi‐cue judgment investigates how decision makers aggregate cues to predict the value of a criterion variable. We consider a multi‐cue judgment task in which decision makers have prior knowledge of inter‐cue relationships but are ignorant of how the cues correlate with the criterion. In this setting, a naive judgment strategy prescribes weighting the cues equally. Although many participants are well described via an equal weighting scheme, we find that a substantial minority of participants make predictions consistent with a weighting scheme based on a low‐dimensional projection of the cue space that optimally takes into account inter‐cue correlations. The use of such a weighting scheme is consistent with minimizing maximal error in prediction when the cue‐criterion relationships are unknown.     

内部竞争环境下内群体偏好的维持:群体认同和心理距离的影响

内群体偏好对群体及个人的生存发展都有重要价值。研究通过三个实验揭示了个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好的机制。实验一操纵内部竞争(有,无)和群体认同(高,低),发现内部竞争破坏了内群体偏好,而群体认同无法改变此破坏作用。实验二操纵内部竞争(有,无)和内群体心理距离(远、近),发现内部竞争破坏内群体偏好时,心理距离能够调节二者的关系,近心理距离有益于个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好。实验三进一步分析了心理距离维持内群体偏好的作用机制,发现心理距离通过个体知觉到的内部竞争感而影响内群体偏好。据此可认为,在内部竞争中维持内群体偏好需更多地关注成员间的关系(缩短心理距离),而非单纯地强调个体和群体间的联结(群体认同)。     

物体位置与空间关系的心理表征

外界环境中物体位置与空间关系在记忆中如何表征,一直是空间认知研究领域探讨和争论的热点问题。该文从空间表征的参照框架、朝向特异性、组织结构和存储内容四个方面,系统回顾了近年来对空间表征形成机制与内在特征的理论探讨。在此基础上,进一步讨论了当前空间表征研究中存在的生态效度问题,以及以后将虚拟环境技术引入到空间认知研究中的发展趋势     

创伤性分离症状及其认知研究

创伤性分离是具有心理创伤经历的人常表现出来的典型症状,它包括记忆缺失、幻听、人格解体等,它主要表现在分离性障碍中,在其他精神疾病中也常见,如创伤后应激障碍、精神分裂症等。该文阐释了创伤性心理、创伤性分离的基本概念,介绍了创伤性分离症状的几种理论：人格结构性分离理论,背叛创伤性理论,回避加工假设与警戒-回避假说等。其中人格结构性分离理论主要是以临床治疗为取向,采用EMDR技术,侧重于研究创伤性分离对人格结构产生的影响;而背叛创伤性理论,回避编码假说以及警戒-回避假说是通过认知心理学的研究范式,探讨创伤性分离的症状与记忆。通过对几种理论的比较分析。发现后三种认知理论对创伤性分离症状的解释主要侧重于三个方面,一“是否存在回避警戒”,二“是否存在回避加工”,三“是否存在回避记忆”,而关于这几方面问题发生的条件,还有待于进一步的研究验证     

再谈洛阳唐朝景教经幢的几个问题

新发现的《大秦景教宣元至本经及幢记》石经幢提供了关于唐朝景教经典与教徒的重要资料。本文将此经幢后半部分《经幢记》中记录的洛阳大秦寺三位来自中亚米国和康国的高级教士,与西安《米继芬墓志》中的大秦寺僧思圆联系对比,并且初步考察了《经幢记》中记录的移居洛阳的一个安国景教家族,证实8-9世纪景教已经在中亚地区具有相当的基础,移居唐朝的粟特人中不仅确有信仰景教者,而且东都洛阳的景教领袖全部是粟特人。     

现代化与后现代化的两难抉择——当代新儒家的理论困境及其出路

在中西文化问题上,由于当代新儒家采取了理性主义态度,从而使其不仅不是文化保守主义的,而且也没有陷入传统与现代之间的纠结。当代新儒家在"如何在中国实现代化,而又要避免西方现代化弊端"的问题意识中,既表现出强烈的现代性,又具有显明的后现代品格。由于当代新儒家对中西文化的不平等定位,在某种程度上加大了现代化与后现代化之间的理论冲突。但这种冲突并不是不可克服的,因为在当代新儒家身上有一种优秀的后现代品质,即理性主义的文化态度,而这一点与建设性的后现代主义表现出极大的一致性。只要当代新儒家能够继续以开放的、多元的、理性的文化态度来审视现代化与后现代化的问题,就可以像建设性的后现代主义一样,把现代性与后现代性统一起来。     

也谈"古代生产方式"与"奴隶社会"——与鲁克俭同志商榷

一鲁克俭同志在《哲学动态》2007年第4期发表的《“古典古代”等于“奴隶社会”吗?———重新解读马克思的“古代生产方式”》(以下简称《鲁文》)一文中,谈到我“把‘古典古代’与‘奴隶社会’划了等号”,并指出“这是对马克思思想的误读”。事实上,不是我误读了马克思的思想,而是鲁克俭同志既误读了马克思的思想,又误解了我的思想。我在与段忠桥教授讨论的两篇文章(《北京大学学报》2006年第2期发表的《对质疑“五种社会形态理论”的质疑》;《教学与研究》2006年第6期发表的《关于五种社会形态理论和三种社会形态理论的讨论》)中,确实把马…