Fuzzy数学模型及其在小群体人际关系研究中的应用

本研究在分析经典社会测量某些局限性的基础上,提出以小群体为参照系,用Fuzzy综合评判和Fuzzy聚类分析方法去探讨小群体人际关系结构问题。本研究选取了三个不同的小群体做了实验研究。在综合评判的基础上,对它们进行聚类分析,获得了一些聚类结果。研究发现,小群体人际关系的聚类是与λ值有关的,λ反映了小群体人际关系动态变化的特征。通过此项研究,我们认为,在小群体人际关系的研究中,引入模糊数学方法是有其现实意义的。     

中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究

报导了中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究中彩色类特性实验结果。研究中对颜色所具有的明度、色调、彩度三个属性分别开展了实验研究。研究结果表明了颜色中的色调、明度和彩度的特性变化不影响人眼对表面色色差的识别。中国人眼对彩色系表色色差辨别时,色差识别的量值△Ｅ值仅随感觉等级的不同而产生变化。将彩色类和非彩色类的实验结果进行比较时,发现了彩色类各感觉等级的△Ｅ值均大于非彩色类的△Ｅ值。根据二个类别的实验结果,研究者提出：中国颜色体系中非彩色系样品和彩色系样品色度坐标值的色差宽容度分别为：非彩色系△Ｅ＜１．５;彩色系△Ｅ＜３．０的建议。根据该项技术指标制作的《中国颜色体系样册》中的１３２２个颜色样品,经中国计量科学研究院在国家标准计量装置上测试,将其结果和国际上已有的颜色体系样册中样品的色差比较时,还是让人感到满意的。该项技术指标已作为《中国颜色体系》国家标准中颜色样品色差宽容度的技术参数。     

元音和复合声识别中噪声分离机制的实验研究

该文用配对比较方法,从人调谐波的数量对谐波筛的影响（实验一）,失调谐波的位置（实验二）以及谐波相位与其失调幅度之间的相互作用（实验三）等三个方面对失调谐波的分离机制进行了探讨,研究结果表明：（１）多个谐波同时失调时其失效效应要比单个谐波强,即谐波失调存在累积效应;（２）谐波次数不同,其失调效应也存在的差异,这种差异与谐波和共振峰之间的距离有关,谐波越靠近共振峰,其失调效应明显,但对由等振幅的谐波系     

The Chinese single-child family programme and population psychology

China's population explosions of the early 1950s and late 1960s, followed by the launching of the one-child population policy, can be expected to have an effect on the country's demographic structure that will persist for another 60-80 years. The proportion of the population over 60 years of age should increase from 7.6% in 1982 to a peak of 25.3% by 2040. As a result, by the mid-21st century, a labor force comprised of half the population will be supporting equal numbers of young and aged people. Although political and economic utility factors make it unlikely that China's fertility rate will ever fall below 2.0, the steady aging of society will have long-term social as well as demographic consequences. Increased material and emotional investment in children, brought about by the one-child policy, may compete with investments in the needs of the aged. Recommended is consolidation of a three-generation family system in which grandparents help to maintain family interdependence and provide child care in exchange for support from their adult children. Such a model is consistent with the Confucian emphasis on respect for the wisdom of the elderly and responsibility for their well-being.     

选择性颞叶梗塞对鼠学习记忆能力影响的定量研究

应用光化学的方法选择性诱导颞叶梗塞,同时测定学习记忆能力、神经功能缺失及梗塞面积。结果表明：颞叶梗塞鼠的学习记忆能力显著受损,但无明显感觉运动障碍;颞叶梗塞鼠的学习记忆受损程度与梗塞面积大小有关。结果提示选择性颞叶梗塞是一种理想的痴呆动物模型。     

心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系

该文通过对我国２９个省、市、自治区及４５个国家和地区情况统计材料的分析研究,探讨了心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系。结果表明,经济和科学技术发展水平较高的国家和地区,其心理学发展水平也相对较高;心理学家数目的增长依赖于经济和社会需求;心理学发展晚于经济发展并服从于Ｓ形模型;对于经济实力尚不够强大的国家,提供更多的机会培训心理学家是十分重要的;应重视和加速我国心理学的发展,以适应经济发展的需要。     

Building blocks of idea generation and implementation in teams: A meta-analysis of team design and team creativity and innovation

Although organizations increasingly rely on teams to innovate, little systematic knowledge exists about how to design teams to do so. Building on the model of collaborative creativity and innovation and synthesizing findings from published and unpublished studies, this meta-analysis examines the role of team design on team creativity and innovation. We used random-effects meta-analysis to cumulate the correlations between different features of team design and team creativity or team innovation from 134 field studies representing 11,353 teams and 35 studies representing 2,485 student teams. We found that team tenure is curvilinearly related, autonomy-supportive leadership, task interdependence, and goal interdependence are positively related, and demographic diversity and team size are unrelated to team creativity and innovation. Examining meta-analytic path models, we found that task interdependence and supportive leadership positively relate to team creativity and innovation via team collaboration and team potency. In accounting for the literature, we found a dearth of studies examining team processes, some types of diversity such as racial diversity, and the role of team member turnover. We conclude by providing directions for future research and practical guidance about increasing team creativity and innovation through team design.     

老年人情景记忆更新的改变：竞争记忆的回溯性干扰

记忆更新是获取新知识的一种重要能力。大量研究显示老年人情景记忆受损,但鲜有研究探讨老年人情景记忆更新模式的改变。研究在匹配了老年人和年轻人编码程度的前提下,探讨情景记忆更新的老化效应及其潜在的认知机制。我们对AB-AC记忆更新范式进行了创新,同时考察了在项目改变和位置改变条件下的老化效应,并在测试阶段纳入诱饵选项,进一步排除编码程度带来的影响。研究结果显示年轻人能对A-B和A-C记忆分离存储,而老年人更多地受到回溯性记忆干扰,即在A-B测试中出现C的闯入,并且该干扰效应显著地大于诱饵刺激带来的影响。研究结果表明,在年轻人和老年人编码程度匹配的情况下,年轻人的记忆更新通过记忆分化来实现,而老年人更多地受到竞争记忆的回溯性干扰。     

社会公平感对不同阶层目标达成的影响及其过程

基于目标追求理论和社会阶层心理学的相关理论, 本文通过3个研究, 逐步深入地考察了社会公平感对不同阶层个体目标达成的影响作用及其过程。研究1为相关研究, 考察了高低阶层成人被试的教育领域社会公平感与为孩子进行教育投入的目标承诺及目标达成之间的关系; 研究2为准实验研究, 通过操纵公平或不公平教育情境启动公平感, 考察其对高低阶层中学生的学习目标承诺与目标达成的影响; 研究3为实验研究, 通过实验操纵社会公平感和社会阶层, 考察社会公平感对高低阶层大学生的实验任务目标承诺和目标达成的影响。研究发现, 社会公平感通过正向影响低阶层者的目标承诺, 进而正向影响其目标达成; 而对于高阶层者来说, 变量之间这些关系则不显著。这表明：相对于高阶层来说, 低阶层者的目标追求易受社会公平感的影响; 低阶层者的社会公平感水平越高, 其追求目标的动机水平就越高, 进而越有利于目标达成。