Emotions in memories of success and failure: a cultural perspective

Americans and Chinese tend to behave differently in response to success and failure: Americans tend to persist on a task after success, whereas Chinese tend to persist after failure. This study examined whether cultural differences in emotional reactions to success and failure account for these differences. American and Chinese students recalled personal success and failure events, evaluated the primary emotion evoked by the event, and responded to measures of concerns, appraisals, and willingness to try the same task again. Americans were more likely than Chinese to report that their success enhanced their self-esteem. Chinese were more likely than Americans to estimate that their success would make others jealous and enhance others' respect for their family. Chinese, compared to Americans, viewed failures as more tolerable, as less problematic for their goals, and as less damaging to their self-esteem. Culture moderated the relations between these components of emotion and willingness to try the task again. In short, culturally framed emotional reactions to success and failure result in different patterns of anticipated self-regulation.     

亚里士多德的运动定义:一个存在的解释

亚里士多德在<物理学>第三卷提出的运动定义,不是试图把握运动的过程性、动态性甚至时间性,而是揭示运动本身的存在性质,是亚里士多德自然研究与形而上学的关节点.本文通过对亚里士多德运动定义的各构成要素的深入分析,指出亚里士多德的运动定义是他对自然存在物的存在性质的理论(对巴门尼德挑战的回答),并借此展示亚里士多德对自然本性的形而上学基础的理解.     

浅论以斯拉、尼希米禁止与外邦人通婚政策

本文在希伯来圣经经文和历史背景研究的基础上,采用社会科学批评的方法重新探讨了《以斯拉记》和《尼希米记》中禁止犹大人与外邦人通婚的规定,揭示出当时回归团体与外邦人“离绝”不仅有传统理解的宗教原因,也有相当多的世俗政治经济利益的考量。这一事件不仅反映出回归团体的犹大人在信仰上与非回归团体的犹太人之间的冲突,也反映出他们在现实层面的张力。     

变革型领导对组织公民行为的影响

本研究利用197对“管理人员-下属”的匹配数据考察了变革型领导对组织公民行为的影响,层次回归分析与典型相关分析的结果都表明:变革型领导对组织公民行为有显著的正向影响,且能解释的方差变异量明显高于国外同类研究。这一研究结果进一步证实了李超平与时勘所编制的变革型领导问卷(TLQ)具有较高的预测效度。     

音标-音素意识整合训练的重要价值——小学二年级干预组与三年级对照组的比较

采用前-后测对照组的准实验设计,通过小学二年级的两个干预组与小学三年级的一个对照组之间的比较研究,结果表明:音标知识、音素分解、合成、删除与替换技能相整合的训练方案,以及音标知识、音素分解与合成技能相整合的训练方案,都有利于提高小学二年级学生的英语音素意识、准朗读和朗读技能;不过,训练内容相对多的前者,并没有显著地优于训练内容相对少的后者。     

Embodiment Effect on the Comprehension of Mandarin Manual Action Language: An ERP Study

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - Embodiment theories argue that language comprehension involves activating specific sensory–motor systems in the brain. Previous research performed in...     

Moving from Rural to Urban China: How Urbanization Affects Women’s Housework

Sex Roles - The present study explores within-gender differences in domestic labor by studying housework variations across five different groups of women in contemporary China. We defined five...     

Transmission and refutation of organisational rumours: Consumer identification and processing types

If consumers accept rumours without verifying them, considerable damage to individuals or organisations could result. By applying the appraisal theory of emotions, this article provides a framework for clarifying rumour communications by people who identify strongly or weakly with an organisation that is the object of a rumour. Study 1 reveals that when people identify strongly with the rumour object and hear an important rumour, they spread positive information more readily than negative information. They are also more likely to transmit information of high (vs. low) importance when the rumour is positive. Conversely, weak identifiers are equally likely to spread positive and negative information, regardless of importance. Study 2 incorporates a heuristic‐systematic model and demonstrates that strong identifiers process refutations systematically when those refutations refer to a positive, less important rumour. Conversely, they process refutation information heuristically if they confront positive, important rumours or if they receive a refutation of a negative rumour. Identification with the rumour object affects its spread, but rumour objects can develop refutation strategies to halt the spread of negative rumours or encourage the spread of positive rumours about the organisation. Rumour refutation efforts cannot be generalised but instead should be targeted according to consumers' strong or weak identification.     

网络游戏成瘾研究的争议及趋势

网络游戏成瘾(Internet Gaming Disorder, IGD)是否能被确认为独立的精神障碍?目前的争议来自三个方面:概念上难以明确IGD与正常游戏行为,其他精神障碍之间的差异, 且上瘾对象仅为网络游戏或包含线下游戏并不明确; 鉴定标准上DSM-5总结的9条标准没能刻画IGD的本质特征, 现行的18种诊断工具在内容,诊断阈限等方面参差不齐; 研究方法上缺乏理论支撑, 过分依赖问卷数据, 忽视电子游戏的积极作用.争议内容体现出研究者对网络游戏行为本身缺乏理解, 因此难以判断正常与异常的游戏行为.未来研究应考虑回退到对网络游戏行为的研究, 对网络游戏类型特点,影响网络游戏行为的各因素以及电子游戏的积极贡献做深入探讨, 以达到从本质上明确网络游戏成瘾的特质.     

Decision strategies in the ABX (matching-to-sample) psychophysical task

The ABX psychophysical task is very useful when the dimensions along which the stimulus varies cannot be readily described. However, there are a few problems associated with its use. First, the task has often been used with slight procedural variations, which hinders the extraction of a bias-free index of performance. Second, the most common index of sensitivity derived from this task is the ubiquitous proportion correct. Third, some researchers undervalue the importance that the decision strategy adopted by the observer has on estimates of sensitivity. We describe a standard methodology for the ABX task and outline models of performance based on two decision strategies. These models can be used to extract the detection-theoretic index of performance, d', from ABX data. The results of three ABX discrimination experiments, in which circle size, number value, and tone amplitude are used, are reported. Analysis of the decision spaces derived from observer responses indicates that these observers adopted a suboptimal difference decision strategy, even after they had received considerable practice with feedback. This suggests that, given no prior knowledge of the nature of the decision strategy adopted by an observer, the difference model of ABX discrimination could be a good choice when observer performance is estimated.