从认知神经的角度看内隐记忆和外显记忆的分离

当前的一些理论观点认为,内隐记忆和外显记忆依赖于两种不同的记忆系统,它们与大脑的不同区域相联系。该文通过回顾以往相关研究,从神经心理学及神经成像两方面对两种记忆系统的分离现象进行概述：在神经心理学领域发现的证据表明内隐记忆在神经解剖上与外显记忆是分离的;使用fMRI和PET技术,研究者观察到与内隐记忆有关的枕颞区及左下前额区中衰减的神经活动,以及与外显记忆有关的内侧颞区、前额皮层和后内侧顶皮层中增强的活动;使用ERP技术,研究也发现了两种记忆神经系统在时空上的不同特征     

勒维纳斯的形而上学概念

在西方哲学史上,作为形而上学的核心部门,存在论甚至可以作为形而上学的同义词来使用。勒维纳斯以其思想的强力把两者分离开来,成为当代西方思想的一个异乎寻常事件。但这一异乎寻常事件之最异乎寻常者在于,西方思想很长时间以来都没有意识到其异乎寻常,而只在德里达那里获得了反响(即使德里达不是第一个对勒维纳斯思想进行研究的,但其《暴力与形而上学》无疑是第一篇真正有分量的研究著作)。本文的目的主要在于通过勒维纳斯对以海德格尔为靶子的存在论哲学的批判来澄清其赋予形而上学一词的特殊意义。一存在论,亚里士多德把它规定为对作为…     

音标-音素意识整合训练的重要价值——小学二年级干预组与三年级对照组的比较

采用前-后测对照组的准实验设计,通过小学二年级的两个干预组与小学三年级的一个对照组之间的比较研究,结果表明:音标知识、音素分解、合成、删除与替换技能相整合的训练方案,以及音标知识、音素分解与合成技能相整合的训练方案,都有利于提高小学二年级学生的英语音素意识、准朗读和朗读技能;不过,训练内容相对多的前者,并没有显著地优于训练内容相对少的后者。     

大小判断任务中正负号及其异同对SNARC效应的影响

SNARC效应(Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes)是指被试对数字做按键反应时,对于较小的数字,按左键的速度快于按右键;对于较大的数字,按右键的速度快于按左键。本研究以ERP作为测量手段,采用修正的大小判断任务,旨在探究数字正负号及其异同对SNARC效应的影响。行为结果发现,在反应时上,当目标数字与基线数字正负号相同且基线数字为+5时,一致条件显著快于不一致条件。ERP结果发现,当目标数字与基线数字正负号相同时,无论基线数字为+5还是–5,在反应选择阶段,不一致都比一致条件更负且均诱发了P3。当目标数字与基线数字正负号相异时,若基线数字为+5,一致比不一致条件在刺激呈现阶段诱发了波幅显著更小的N300;若基线数字为–5,一致比不一致条件在反应执行阶段诱发了更正的LPP。无论目标数字与基线数字正负号相同还是相异,在反应选择阶段,不一致都比一致条件更负且均诱发了P3,表明出现了SNARC效应。同时,SNARC效应的出现激活了额叶头皮位置,负数加工伴随左额叶的激活,而正数加工伴随右额叶的激活,溯源分析结果进一步表明SNARC效应定位于额叶与顶叶。这些结果说明负数按实际大小表征在心理数字线上,支持了负数空间表征的个体发展论假说;表明符号捷径机制会改变SNARC效应的发生时间;同时证明了负数与正数的空间表征具有不同的优势半球。     

药物滥用者的歧视错觉:来自面部表情加工的证据

通过系统梳理酒精、尼古丁、大麻、可卡因、冰毒、摇头丸、阿片类和多药物等不同类型药物滥用者面部表情加工的研究,本文提出"歧视错觉"概念,用于解释药物滥用者对面部表情的负性化加工偏向,该观点为理解药物滥用行为激活机制提供了全新视角。未来可围绕面部表情特异性加工、面部表情加工阶段、面部表情加工的认知和神经机制以及面部表情加工训练展开相关研究,以进一步揭示药物滥用者面部表情加工的内在机制及其应用价值。     

Epigenetic regulation of reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes in long-term potentiation in rat medial prefrontal cortex

Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been known to play fundamental roles in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory tasks in many brain regions, such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the insular cortex. However, epigenetic mechanism in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), also a crucial neural locus for the control of cognition and emotion, is not well known. The present study investigated the epigenetic regulation of two genes, reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), both play important roles in neural plasticity, in the mPFC. The data showed that the levels of total DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs), total histone acetyltransferases (HATs), global acetylated histone 3 (H3) and global acetylated histone 4 (H4) were all changed with the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the mPFC, implying that DNA methylation and histone acetylation may involve in synaptic plasticity in the mPFC. The present results further demonstrated that the demethylation status of reelin and bdnf, and acetylated H3 and acetylated H4 at the reelin and the bdnf promoters in the mPFC were enhanced by the delivery of LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation (HFS). Consistently, infusion of DNMT inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), or histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaB), into the mPFC could interfere with LTP-associated demethylation and acetylation of reelin and bdnf genes, and the induction of LTP as well. Long-term retention of trace fear memory, which is dependent on mPFC function, was also altered by administration of these inhibitors into the mPFC. These findings suggest that epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation and histone acetylation of target genes, such as reelin and bdnf, might underlie the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and memory retention in the mPFC.     

Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: Pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance

The present study investigated the neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts. The impact of extraversion on the human sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities was examined. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), and neutral stimuli in the pleasant session, and for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral stimuli in the unpleasant session, while subjects (16 extraverts and 16 ambiverts) performed a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviant stimuli. The results showed significant emotion effects for HP and MP stimuli at the P2 and P3 components in extraverts, but not in ambiverts. Despite a pronounced emotion effect for HN stimuli across the P2, N2, and P3 components in both samples, ambiverts displayed a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at the N2 and P3 components that was absent in extraverts. The posterior cingulate cortices, which connect multiple neural regions that are important in interactions of emotion and extraversion, may mediate the extravert-specific emotion effect for pleasant stimuli. Thus, extraverts are less susceptible to unpleasant stimuli of mild intensity than are ambiverts, while extraverts have an additional enhanced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli, regardless of emotion intensity. Consequently, the decreased threshold for pleasant emotion and the increased threshold for unpleasant emotion might be essential neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts.     

层次化护理团队在优质护理服务中的应用探讨

将所研究的临床科室的护理人员按照职称进行分层并组成护理团队.1年后比较实施前后护理质量和护理服务质量的相关指标.实施后,护理质量和护理服务质量均有显著提高(P＜0.01).临床科室组建层次化优质护理团队,能为患者提供更为安全、满意的护理服务,推动优质护理服务的开展.     

越少越好——模糊的魅力

Norton等人[1]的研究表明,虽然人们相信更多地了解他人会产生更大的人际吸引力,但是平均而言,了解他人的信息越多反而会对对方产生更少的喜欢。所以,模糊性——对对方缺乏信息了解——会产生喜爱,但是,熟悉性——获取他人更多的信息,则反而会产生鄙视感。这种"越少越好"效应是由于不同点的阶式连接性质,一旦遇到两人间不同点的证据后继的信息更可能用来解释不同点的进一步证据,所以导致对对方喜欢程度的降低。国外研究者指出在实验室研究中,了解的信息和喜欢程度及在线的资料中约会前与约会后都呈现出负负关系,这同时也表明了不同点中介调节作用。本文鉴于国内研究此类文献几乎没有的现状,试图对Norton的研究进行验证,并试图作进一步的扩展。     

The role of distractor inhibition in the attentional boost effect: evidence from the R/K paradigm

ABSTRACT

Stimuli presented with targets in a detection task are later recognised more accurately than those presented with distractors, an unusual effect labelled the attentional boost effect (ABE). This effect may reflect an enhancement triggered by target detection, the inhibition of distractor rejection, or some combination of both. To test these possibilities, the present study adopted a baseline similar to that of Swallow and Jiang ([2014b]. The attentional boost effect really is a boost: evidence from a new baseline. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76(5), 1298–1307); the goal was to separate target-induced enhancements from distractor-induced inhibition. An R/K procedure was applied to further explore the kind of memory that might be affected by target detection or distractor rejection. The results show that the memory advantage for target-paired words was robust relative to that of baseline words; this advantage was mainly observed in R responses. More importantly, a memory reduction was also observed for distractor-paired words relative to baseline words, though this reduction was only observed in R responses. These data led us to conclude that the ABE was triggered by both processes: target-induced enhancement and distractor-induced inhibition. Moreover, both processes were more likely to affect recollection-based recognition.