Decision strategies in the ABX (matching-to-sample) psychophysical task

The ABX psychophysical task is very useful when the dimensions along which the stimulus varies cannot be readily described. However, there are a few problems associated with its use. First, the task has often been used with slight procedural variations, which hinders the extraction of a bias-free index of performance. Second, the most common index of sensitivity derived from this task is the ubiquitous proportion correct. Third, some researchers undervalue the importance that the decision strategy adopted by the observer has on estimates of sensitivity. We describe a standard methodology for the ABX task and outline models of performance based on two decision strategies. These models can be used to extract the detection-theoretic index of performance, d', from ABX data. The results of three ABX discrimination experiments, in which circle size, number value, and tone amplitude are used, are reported. Analysis of the decision spaces derived from observer responses indicates that these observers adopted a suboptimal difference decision strategy, even after they had received considerable practice with feedback. This suggests that, given no prior knowledge of the nature of the decision strategy adopted by an observer, the difference model of ABX discrimination could be a good choice when observer performance is estimated.     

Process dissociation as source monitoring

A 2-high-threshold model source-monitoring model (U. J. Bayen, K. Murnane, & E. Erdfelder, 1996) was applied to both source-monitoring and process-dissociation data collected varying source and distracter similarity. The model fit both sets of data using identical parameter values. The values of the detection parameter, D, and the source-discrimination parameter, d, varied in the manner expected. Also, neither the process-dissociation (L. L. Jacoby, 1991) nor the extended process-dissociation model (A. Buchner, E. Erdfelder, & B. Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, 1995) fit either type of data. The memory processes involved in recognition judgments are the same when using the process-dissociation or the source-monitoring procedure. The 4 cognitive processes in both procedures can be interpreted as item detection, source identification, recognition guessing, and source guessing. The potential role of unconscious memory influences via the 2 guessing processes is discussed.     

关于健康带菌者社会性格分类的实证研究

本文针对当前中国处于社会转型期的现状,提出了健康 者社会性格的概念,通过调研发现其维度由八个因素构成,分别的集体主义,独立性、依存性、支配性与安定感,获取了健康带菌者社会性格的分类及其特征,并分析与其健康、病态社会性格的关系。     

汉字字形输出过程中儿童的汉字结构意识

本研究通过控制汉字声旁与形旁的结构特征,采用听写纸笔测验考察了小学四年级儿童在汉字字形输出过程中的汉字结构意识.结果发现汉字声旁的规则性与形旁语义透明度都直接影响听写的正确率与错误率;在这种任务条件下,声旁的规则性与形旁语义透明度相互作用;阅读水平低的儿童比阅读水平高的儿童产生更多的同音替代错误.文章从听写条件下汉字的加工与儿童词汇表征的角度探讨了这些结果的理论含义.     

Behavioral and developmental consequences of early rearing experience for captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Mother-reared (MR) and peer-reared (PR) captive giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs were compared to evaluate the effects of early removal from mother on behavioral development. Males and females and twins and singletons were compared to assess the effects of social setting on behavioral development. Subjects included 2 PR females, 3 MR females, 3 MR males, and 3 mothers. MR cubs spent more time manipulating bamboo and fell more often than PR cubs. PR cubs spent more time inactive. Male cubs directed more playful behavior at their mothers. Twins spent more time play fighting with their mothers than with their siblings. The results suggest that peer-rearing does not provide young pandas with the same level of social stimulation as mother-rearing.     

Factor structure of the strong interest inventory with a Chinese high school sample

D. S. Goh and J. Yu (2001) translated the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; L. W. Harmon, J-I. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994) into Chinese and identified a 6-factor structure of the new instrument that showed both similarities and differences with J. L. Holland's personality types (1966, 1985, 1997). The present study was undertaken to further investigate the construct validity of the SII-Chinese for a sample of 247 high school students in China. Confirmatory factor analyses did not find a good fit of the Goh and Yu (2001) model or the Holland hexagonal model to the present data. Exploratory factor analysis extracted a 3-factor solution accounting for 59.2% of the variance. The authors offer interpretations of the obtained factors and discuss implications for the use of the SII-Chinese as an assessment tool.     

国有企业职工对改革的态度研究

本文在对山东省国有企业职工进行大规模抽样问卷调查的基础上,就国有企业职工对改革的态度问题进行了研究.研究由两部分组成.研究一采用自编"企业职工对改革的态度测评表",通过分层随机抽样的方法在山东全省抽取了3091名被试进行测试,通过所得测试数据,分析揭示了当前国有企业职工对改革态度的若干特征和影响因素,并初步分析了该测评表的结构.研究二采用验证性因素分析的方法对来自另一样本(N=347)的测评数据进行了分析,进一步验证了研究一所得出的"企业职工对改革态度"的测评结构模型,并采用路径分析的方法对职工态度影响因素的因果模型进行了初步探讨.     

童年晚期至青少年早期攻击和同伴侵害的关系:交叉滞后研究

采用整群抽样法抽取2178名小学生为被试（平均年龄11.05±0.69岁,男生1132人）自5年级追踪至8年级,通过纵向交叉滞后模型对攻击与同伴侵害间的关系进行考察。结果发现,各年级关系攻击均可预测之后的关系侵害,7年级身体攻击预测8年级身体侵害,此外6年级关系侵害经历对7年级关系攻击具有预测作用。攻击与同伴侵害间的纵向联系不存在性别差异。这些结果表明,童年晚期至青少年早期攻击与同伴侵害之间总体上符合连续性社交过程模型,即攻击对随后的同伴侵害具有更明显预测作用,但在小学升初中的学校过渡阶段关系侵害预测随后的关系攻击,部分支持两者间存在双向关系。该结果提示需关注儿童青少年的攻击与同伴侵害经历,采取措施避免其陷入攻击与同伴侵害间的恶性循环之中。     

Measurement invariance of the Phubbing Scale across 20 countries

Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of mobile phone use is crucial; therefore, phubbing is a part of the mobile phone addiction phenomenon. Phubbing is defined as ignoring an interlocutor by glancing at one's mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the Phubbing Scale (containing 10 items) might vary across countries, and between genders. Data were collected in 20 countries: Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Ukraine and USA. The mean age across the sample (N = 7696, 65.8% women, 34.2% men) was 25.32 years (SD = 9.50). The cross-cultural invariance of the scale was investigated using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) as well as the invariance analyses. Additionally, data from each country were assessed individually via confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We obtained two factors, based on only eight of the items: (a) communication disturbances and (b) phone obsession. The 8 items Phubbing Scale.     

临时知识型员工自主性动机激发：关系导向人力资源管理建构及其作用机理

快速变化的技术需求使得人才外部化, 人才共享成为组织获取技能型、知识型人才的重要方式。共享经济背景下的人力资源管理属于新兴研究领域, 企业在管理临时知识型员工面临很大挑战。由于身份的外部性、临时性, 员工关系基础薄弱, 临时知识型员工专业能力发挥受限, 工作场所关系需求受阻, 导致自主性动机不足, 影响绩效产出, 而传统对外部员工的契约型管理难以解决以上问题。针对嵌入团队工作的临时知识型员工, 研究基于关系型协调理论探索关系导向人力资源管理实践构成。在此基础上, 结合自我决定理论探讨关系导向人力资源管理实践提升临时知识型员工绩效的作用机理, 验证从自主性动机来源、自主性动机激发到自主性动机结果的路径机制。对关系导向人力资源管理实践内容和效用探讨有助于深入理解临时知识型员工的管理, 为共享经济背景下新型用工管理实践提供启示。