走向完善：人本主义心理学研究方案

为了完善人本主义心理学方法论,人本主义心理学家发展了多种研究方案。每一种方案都设定了自己特定的研究问题,确定了自己独特的研究过程。现象学、解释学、启发式和体验研究方案是其中较为重要的几种。这些方案体现出人本主义心理学家试图将心理学作为人文科学的努力,使人本主义心理学方法论不再流于理论倡导,而是融入到人性研究的具体实践并因此走向完善。在未来,它尚需以辩证唯物主义实践观看待人的本质,确立心理学的整合视野。     

An attentional blink for nontargets?

In a typical attentional blink experiment, viewers try to detect two target items among distractors in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP): processing of the first target impairs participants' ability to recall a subsequent target at short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). However, little is known about whether target detection interferes with memory for nontarget items. To answer this question, in two experiments, we employed a novel dual-task procedure: participants searched for a word target (e.g., "a four-footed animal") and then were tested for recognition of nontarget words. Detection of the target word, which was present on half the trials, produced a standard attentional blink effect on memory for nontarget words, with lag 1 sparing followed by an attentional blink at longer lags. This result shows that target processing has a generalized effect on processing of later events, not only other targets.     

Testing the efficacy of a new procedure for reducing faking on personality tests within selection contexts

The authors propose a new procedure for reducing faking on personality tests within selection contexts. This computer-based procedure attempts to identify and warn potential fakers early on during the testing process and then give them a chance for recourse. Two field studies were conducted to test the efficacy of the proposed procedure. Study 1 participants were 157 applicants competing for 10 staff positions at a large university located in a southern city in the People's Republic of China. In Study 1, potential fakers received a warning message, whereas nonfakers received a nonwarning (control) message. Study 2 participants were 386 Chinese college students applying for membership of a popular student organization at the same university where Study 1 was conducted. In Study 2, the warning and control messages were randomly assigned to all applicants. Results showed some promise for the proposed procedure, but several practical issues need to be considered.     

倏忽与浑沌和中医与西医

中医“科学化”和“现代化”是西方医学传入我国一百多年来几代中医人的夙愿和奋斗目标,但在以感染和传染性疾病为主要矛盾的生物医学模式阶段,却一直难以取得突破性的进展。随着各种慢性疾病发病率的逐年增加、医疗重点的转移和生物-心理-社会医学模式的确立,中医的现代化发展正在面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。借助《庄子》“倏忽为浑沌开窍”的故事,重点就新的医学模式下的中医现代化发展进行了一些方法论的探讨。     

人格特质的六因素结构模型

人格结构的标准心理词汇研究在七种不同语言中得到了相似的六个因素,即外向性、愉悦性、公正严谨性、情绪性、坦诚—谦恭、智力/想象力/创新性。文章对六因素结构模型的来源和内容进行了述评。     

童年中期儿童社会能力与学业成就的交叉滞后研究

本研究采用同伴提名法、问卷法,对武汉市一所小学3、4、5、6年级儿童进行6个月的追踪调查。采用交叉时序滞后设计,考察了同伴关系4个特征水平(群体水平、双向关系水平、人际互动水平和个体特征水平)的变量与学业成就的相互预测关系。结果表明,在控制了前测学业成就后,前测的社会喜好、积极友谊质量、社交领导行为可以分别正向预测后测的学业成就,而前测的攻击行为可以负向预测后期的学业成就;在控制了前测的社交自我知觉后,学业成就可以正向预测后期的社交自我知觉。     

确定婴儿面部表情模式的初步尝试

本实验拍摄了一岁婴儿六种具体基本情绪的表情照片。它们是愉快、惊奇、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶和惧怕。并进行了辨认实验和标定工作。本实验結果支持了婴儿具有基本面部表情模式的立场。所得表情模式与C.E.Izard在Max中所描述的基本一致。由此证明基本情绪的面部模式具有跨文化的性质。     

再认指标的探讨

记忆研究的再认法传统上常用计算保持量作为再认的指标,而信号检测论则用计算辨别力指数d′作为再认的指标。它们各有特点,又各有局限性。本文从理论和实验上探讨了这些问题,并提出修正的计算方法,同时还分析了应用模糊集合统计处理信号检测论评价法的结果,计算再认程度函数作为再认的指标,比传统的指标及d′更具优越性:(1)比较符合心理判断的实际;(2)无须信号检测论的基本假设;(3)可排除判断标准的影响,有利于不同被试个体再认能力的比较。     

立体深度知觉恒常性的研究

本实验研究在六米以内的观察距离上测定了立体深度知觉的恒常性程度,并试用布伦斯维克比率计算了立体常性程度。结果发现,在六米以内不排除辐合、调节为有效的距离线索的条件下,对三种不同的客体深度进行观察其知觉深度保持恒常。立体深度知觉常性也可以用布伦斯维克比率计算其恒常性程度。     

关于健康社会性格的跨文化研究

社会性格作为国民素质的重要组成,其健康程度将直接影响精神文明建设的成效。本研究发现,当代人健康社会性格体系由五个因素构成,分别是：进取心、道德感、安定感、领导性与家庭性,为进一步深入探究,本研究采用跨文化方式,将日韩、欧美的参照样本与当代中国人进行比较研究,发现性别与国别因素对于五个因素中的若干项具有显著性影响,体现出跨文化差异性。本研究对于成功塑造跨世纪中国人健康社会性格将具有积极的理论与实践意义。