Intelligence and Prosocial Behavior: Do Smart Children Really Act Nice?

Results of previous studies of the relationship between prosocial behavior and intelligence have been inconsistent. This study attempts to distinguish the differences between several prosocial tasks, and explores the ways in which cognitive ability influences prosocial behavior. In Study One and Two, we reexamined the relationship between prosocial behavior and intelligence by employing a costly signaling theory with four games. The results revealed that the prosocial level of smarter children is higher than that of other children in more complicated tasks but not so in simple tasks. In Study Three, we tested the moderation effect of the average intelligence across classes, and the results did not show any group intelligence effect on the relationship between intelligence and prosocial behavior.     

Why Do People Like Natural? Instrumental and Ideational Bases for the Naturalness Preference

Naturalness preference refers to the tendency to prefer natural things to otherwise equivalent unnatural alternatives. Previous research suggests that the naturalness preference is largely due to ideational reasons (moral or aesthetic appeals), rather than instrumental reasons (inferred functional superiority), because the natural and unnatural alternatives were specified as identical. The current studies showed that people do not always believe that natural and unnatural alternatives can be identical. Responses that in previous studies would have been interpreted as ideational‐based naturalness preference were correlated with beliefs in instrumental advantages of natural products. We propose that instrumental and ideational reasons are closely connected, and instrumental beliefs may contribute to the “natural is better” heuristic. The financial consequence of naturalness preference was also demonstrated.     

The safety margin and perceived safety of pedestrians at unmarked roadway

Many pedestrians cross out of crosswalks (i.e., unmarked roadway) in developing countries, but researches about their safety are under reported. This study explored safety related factors and their casual relations at unmarked roadway. Videos of 254 pedestrians’ crossing process were analyzed objectively on safety and evaluated subjectively on perceived safety. The two safety indexes are consistent on important factors, with higher running frequency reduce safety while bigger group size increase safety. The two factors had contrary effect on pedestrian speed, which is positively related with safety. Higher looking frequency before crossing also enhance safety, partly by reducing running frequency and increasing going backwards with its planning nature. Longer waiting time before crossing can facilitate this planning behavior while at the same time leads to bigger group size. Buses are safer than cars, but they are not perceived as safer. In situations where only some vehicles yield, yielding ones bring danger due to sight blocking of unyielding ones in adjacent lanes. These findings can be applied to the design of intelligent transportation systems and the education of drivers and pedestrians to improve safety.     

鲍德里亚对马克思拜物教理论的误识及其方法论根源

鲍德里亚通过对马克思拜物教概念、政治经济学批判模式等理论分析后认为,马克思的拜物教理论仅仅是一种心理学意义上揭示的人对实体物的迷恋,其政治经济学批判模式不仅无法实现对拜物教的颠覆,最终还会陷入到资本逻辑的普遍化之中。事实上,鲍德里亚这一理论是对马克思拜物教理论的严重误识,其根源在于非历史性的社会学方法。这一方法不仅使他脱离了历史唯物主义基本框架,还导致了在消解拜物教问题上走向了不可能的绝望之路。     

虚拟所有权关系下的自我参照效应

通过两个实验,探讨了代词所确定的所有权关系对记忆的影响。实验1为2(参照条件:我的与他的)×3(报告类型:主试跟读、被试跟读与被试自己读)的混合设计,实验2为2(参照条件:我的与他的)×2(报告顺序:自己先报告与他人先报告)的被试内设计。实验中被试按相应的要求报告物品的所有权关系。结果发现,被试对自己的物品的回忆成绩显著高于对他人物品的回忆成绩,表现出所有权效应,说明即使由代词确定的虚拟所有权关系也对记忆有影响。     

Body image concern and selective attention to disgusting and non-self appearance-related stimuli

Although selective attention to one's own appearance has been widely documented in studies of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), little is known about attentional bias toward non-self appearance-related stimuli in BDD. Furthermore, despite reports of heightened experience of disgust in BDD, it is unknown whether these individuals differentially attend to disgusting stimuli and whether disgust is important in processing of unattractive stimuli. We used a dot probe procedure to investigate the relationship between dysmorphic concern, a defining feature of BDD, and selective attention to faces, attractive, unattractive and disgusting images in a female heterosexual student population (N = 92). At the long stimulus presentation (1000 ms), dysmorphic concern was positively associated with attention to faces in general and attractive appearance-related images. In contrast, at the short stimulus presentation (200 ms), there was a positive association between dysmorphic concern and disgusting images. Implications for theoretical models of BDD are discussed.     

父亲忽视与青少年自我同一性的关系:情绪调节的中介效应

采用父亲忽视量表、情绪调节量表和自我同一性量表,对521名青少年进行调查,以情绪调节为中介,研究父亲忽视对青少年自我同一性的影响机制。结果表明:情感距离和认知重评对高中生同一性有较强的预测力,认知重评在情感距离与同一性之间存在部分中介作用,认知重评在父亲参与与同一性之间存在部分中介作用。     

Free Time Management Makes Better Retirement: A Case Study of Retirees’ Quality of Life in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between free time management and quality of life for retirees. Data were collected by convenience sampling from the four main districts of Taiwan. Overall, 454 usable questionnaires were received. The data showed a positive relationship between free time management and quality of life (r?=?0.72, p?<?.05). However, contrary to this, the relationships between time allocation and quality of life were not significant or even negative. These results indicate that retirees who effectively manage their free time can enjoy a better quality of life. Suggestions are made based on the observed relationship and some directions for future research are discussed.