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Large-sample confidence intervals (CI) for reliability, validity, and unattenuated validity are presented. The CI for unattenuated validity is based on the Bonferroni inequality, which relies on one CI for test-retest reliability and one for validity. Covered are four reliability-validity situations: (a) both estimates were from random samples; (b) reliability was from a random sample but validity was from a selected sample; (c) validity was from a random sample but reliability was from a selected sample; and (d) both estimates were from selected samples. All CIs were evaluated by using a simulation. CIs on reliability, validity, or unattenuated validity are accurate as long as selection ratio is at least 20% and selected sample size is 100 or larger. When selection ratio is less than 20%, estimators tend to underestimate their parameters. 相似文献
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D D Cubicciotti S P Mendoza W A Mason E N Sassenrath 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1986,100(4):385-391
The New World primates Callicebus moloch and Saimiri sciureus differ markedly in life modes. Physiological responsiveness (heart rate, cortisol) of these related taxa was compared in two situations that differed in the presumed degree of stress imposed, exposure to a novel environment and physical restraint. In both situations, Saimiri exhibited higher initial levels of heart rate and corticosteroids. In addition, the species differed in their patterns of response to both situations. Saimiri maintained initial heart rate levels across a 1-hour exposure period, whereas Callicebus showed a marked and continuous decline in heart rate. Adrenocortical activity increased in both species in response to test situations, but the elevations in plasma corticosteroids were substantially greater for Saimiri than for Callicebus. The results indicate that the species differ with respect to organization of physiological regulatory systems in a manner consistent with behavioral contrasts between them. 相似文献
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In (Re-) Defining Racism, Alberto Urquidez argues that conflicting philosophical accounts over the definition of racism are at bottom linguistic confusions that would benefit from a Wittgensteinian-inspired approach. In this essay, I argue that such an approach would be helpful in disputes over the definition of metaphysically contested concepts, such as “race,” or semantically contested concepts, such as “racialization.” I disagree, however, that such insights would prove helpful or do very little for disputes concerning normatively contested concepts, such as “racism.”
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Welsh TN Lyons J Weeks DJ Anson JG Chua R Mendoza J Elliott D 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2007,14(5):950-956
Inhibition of return (IOR) has been shown to occur when an individual returns to a target location (within-person IOR) and
when an individual moves to a location just engaged by another individual (between-person IOR). Although within- and between-person
IOR likely result from the same inhibitory mechanisms, different processes must activate these mechanisms following the performance
and observation of action. Consistent with the suggestion that the mirror neuron system may be responsible for activating
the inhibitory mechanisms behind IOR on observation trials, between-person IOR was only detected under restricted viewing
conditions known to activate mirror neurons. These results indicate that mirror neuron system may be involved in both higher-order
and automatic cognitive behavior. 相似文献
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Norma A. Mendoza Harmon M. Hosch Bruce J. Ponder Victor Carrillo 《Journal of applied social psychology》2000,30(12):2610-2621
Hispanic jurors' verdicts and whether these decisions were related to jurors' judgments of the credibility of the witness were the focus of this experiment. A prosecution witness testified in English or in Spanish with interpretation in English. Witnesses' speaking style systematically included hedges and hesitations or did not. Guilty verdicts were independent of language of testimony. Within Spanish‐interpreted conditions, jurors convicted the defendant 47% of the time in the absence of hedges and hesitations. When he hedged and hesitated, they convicted 34% of the time. This effect was complicated by a reliable Witness Hesitation × Juror Language Dominance interaction. These results are interpreted in the context of the courtroom impact of non‐English‐speaking witnesses and the impact of interpretation. 相似文献
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Seungyeon Lee Ian M. McDonough Jessica S. Mendoza Mikenzi B. Brasfield Tasnuva Enam Catherine Reynolds Benjamin C. Pody 《Applied cognitive psychology》2021,35(1):123-135
Students' cellphone use has been related to poorer learning, possibly due to greater distraction. This study investigated whether cellphone‐related anxiety, addiction, and disconnection were related to distraction and learning as well as how practical educational policies could minimize negative effects. Participants (N = 218) watched a video lecture and were divided into two groups: cellphone‐allowed for academic use (Use‐Cellphone Group) and no cellphone instruction (No‐Instruction Group). During the lecture, participants received several anonymous text messages and overt distracted was measured. Learning was assessed via a test following the video. Our findings showed that participants in the Use‐Cellphone Group experienced a greater degree of distraction and worse test performance than those in the No‐Instruction Group. Only cellphone addiction and distractedness played key roles in impacting the effects of condition on test performance. Thus, allowing cellphones in class may exacerbate existing cellphone addiction behaviors and impair learning. 相似文献
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Dustin A. Fife Joseph Lee Rodgers Jorge L. Mendoza 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(6):597-613
Much research has been directed at the validity of fit indices in Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (e.g., Browne, MacCallum, Kim, Andersen, &; Glaser, 2002; Heene, Hilbert, Draxler, Ziegler, &; Bühner, 2011; Hu &; Bentler, 1999; Marsh, Hau, &; Wen, 2004). Recent developments (e.g., Preacher, 2006; Roberts &; Pashler, 2000, 2002) have encouraged researchers to investigate other criteria for comparing models, including model complexity. What has not been investigated is the inherent ability of a particular data set to be fitted with a constrained set of randomly generated linear models, which we call Model Conditioned Data Elasticity (DE). In this article we show how DE can be compared with the problem of equivalent models and a more general problem of the “confoundability” of data/model combinations (see MacCallum, Wegener, Uchino, &; Fabrigar, 1993). Using the DE package in R, we show how DE can be assessed through automated computer searches. Finally, we discuss how DE fits within the controversy surrounding the use of fit statistics. 相似文献