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291.
In an experiment using a large set of verbal and spatial tasks requiring low or high degrees of executive control, 3 distinct age-related effects were found. The smallest effect (no slowing) was tied to lexical tasks with low executive involvement, the largest deficit (age-related slowing factor of 2.2) was tied to visuospatial tasks with high executive involvement, an intermediate level of deficit (slowing factor of 1.7) was found for visuospatial tasks with low executive load and verbal tasks with high executive load. These age-related dissociations were incompatible with any "common cause" formulation. The mechanism responsible for the dissociation between verbal and visual tasks, and between low and high executive load remains to be determined. The latter may reflect capacity limits. 相似文献
292.
Across three experiments, the nonconscious perception of American cues increase the accessibility of aggressive constructs in memory, aggressive and negative judgments of other people, and aggressive displays of behavior following a mild provocation. These effects emerge only for American participants who regularly follow the American political news media. For American participants who do not follow the news, these effects are absent or tend to be in the opposite direction. Participants' political party orientation (Republican vs. Democratic) does not moderate any of the results. Interpretations and implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
293.
Three-month-old infants were trained to move a mobile in the presence of a coconut or cherry odor (context). One or 5 days later, the infants were tested for retrieval in the presence of either the same odor, the alternate odor, or no odor. Infants tested with the training odor displayed retention at both intervals; retention was not seen at either interval in the alternate odor or no odor conditions. These data suggest that the odor combines with the mobile to form a compound-stimulus representation of the learned task whose presence after both short (1 day) and long (5 days) intervals is a necessary retrieval cue. 相似文献
294.
Using developmental principles to assist preschoolers in developing numeracy and literacy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In a yoked control design, 4-yr.-olds (N = 39) in a Head Start program played numerous structured games involving either the oddity principle or letter identification and letter sounds. The children's mean age was 53.2 mo.; SD = 4.1 mo. Three were Middle Eastern, 14 were Latino, 7 were East African, and 15 were African American. Children showed better mastery of oddity after playing games directed at this concept, and numeracy scores on the Woodcock-Johnson III were better for children who had played this type of game. Woodcock-Johnson III Letter-Word scores for children who had played the oddity and seriation or letter games were equivalent. These results are consistent with other research indicating that the understanding of oddity relations may be a key transitional thinking which supports quantitative and verbal development at the preschool-kindergarten interface. The standardized test scores indicate that guided play directed at this aspect of cognitive growth or more narrowly directed at early literacy can produce equivalent knowledge of letters. 相似文献
295.
296.
We tested the efficacy of a social skills training program for the parents of school-aged children experiencing socio-emotional
problems. Participating families (N = 42) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: parent social skills training; parent plus parallel child social
skills training; or no-treatment control. The two treatment groups did not differ on any of the outcome measures. Treatment
was associated with improvements in parent and child social skills knowledge, parent social problem solving, and child emotional
functioning. In follow-up analyses examining mechanisms of change, parental attendance and change in child social skills knowledge
predicted response to treatment. Overall, our results highlight the utility of engaging parents as primary participants in
the treatment of children’s socio-emotional problems and suggest methods for maximizing the impact of such an intervention. 相似文献
297.
Prospective memory is critical to everyday functioning and can be vulnerable to distraction. We conducted an experiment to
explore whether we could buffer prospective memory against distraction. For half the participants, we preexposed stimuli that
were later designated as prospective memory targets. Then, all participants performed an ongoing task (in which the prospective
memory task was embedded) under standard and high attentional demand (i.e., under full and divided attention). Target preexposure
improved prospective memory and eliminated the significant divided attention effect. Thus, target preexposure seems to buffer
prospective memory against the disruptive effect of dividing attention. Moreover, target preexposure seemed to help participants
to respond with the correct intended action. This result implies that preexposure to the target stimuli facilitated the encoding
of an association between the target stimuli and the intended action, perhaps promoting relatively more reflexive retrieval
and thereby buffering prospective memory against distraction. 相似文献
298.
The ability to make precise distinctions among related personality constructs helps clarify theory and increases the utility of clinical assessment. In three studies, the authors evaluated the validity of distinctions among four impulsivity-like traits: sensation seeking, lack of planning, lack of persistence, and urgency (acting rashly when distressed). Factor analyses indicated that lack of planning and lack of persistence are two distinct facets of one broader trait, whereas urgency and sensation seeking are both very modestly related to each other and to the planning/persistence measures. The authors developed interview assessments of each, and multitrait, multimethod matrix results indicated clear convergent and discriminant validity among the constructs. The distinctions among them were useful: The traits accounted for different aspects of risky behaviors. Sensation seeking appeared to relate to the frequency of engaging in risky behaviors, and urgency appeared to relate to problem levels of involvement in those behaviors. 相似文献
299.
Melissa Barry 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(3):231-242
Realists about practical reasons agree that judgments regarding reasons are beliefs. They disagree, however, over the question of how such beliefs motivate rational action. Some adopt a Humean conception of
motivation, according to which beliefs about reasons must combine with independently existing desires in order to motivate
rational action; others adopt an anti-Humean view, according to which beliefs can motivate rational action in their own right,
either directly or by giving rise to a new desire that in turn motivates the action. I argue that the realist who adopts a
Humean model for explaining rational action will have a difficult time giving a plausible account of the role that desire
plays in this explanation. I explore four interpretations of this role and argue that none allows a Humean theory to explain
rational action as convincingly as an anti-Humean theory does. The first two models, in different ways, make acting on a reason
impossible. The third allows this possibility, but only by positing a reason-sensitive desire that itself demands an explanation.
The fourth avoids this explanatory challenge only by retreating to an empty form of the Humean view. In contrast, an anti-Humean
theory can provide an intuitively plausible explanation of rational action. I conclude that the realist about reasons should
adopt an anti-Humean theory to explain rational action.
相似文献
Melissa BarryEmail: |
300.
Diefenbach GJ Abramowitz JS Norberg MM Tolin DF 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(12):3060-3068
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) incorporating exposure and response prevention is a first line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although, the efficacy of CBT in reducing OCD symptoms is well documented, less is known about its effects on quality of life (QOL). In the current study, functional impairment aspects of QOL (as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale) were assessed among 70 adult outpatients with OCD before and after CBT. Statistically significant improvements in QOL and large pre- to post-treatment effect sizes were observed for work, social, and family functioning. Improvements in social and family functioning were predicted by improvements in OCD symptom severity even after controlling for improvements in depressive symptoms. In addition, clinically significant change in OCD symptoms and QOL were highly related, although there was a subset of participants whose symptoms improved without corresponding improvements in QOL. These results suggest that the effects of CBT may extend beyond OCD symptom reduction to QOL. 相似文献