Scholars have long argued that popular consumer culture is both producer and product of social inequality, but few detailed empirical studies have explored the ways that advertising imagery simultaneously constructs stereotypes of race and gender. This article reports on a content analysis of television commercials (n = 1699) aired on programs with high ratings for specific target audiences from 1992 to 1994. Characters in the television commercials enjoy more prominence and exercise more authority if they are White or men. Logistic regression analyses indicate that images of romantic and domestic fulfillment also differ by race and gender, with women and Whites disproportionately shown in family settings and in cross-sex interactions. In general, 1990s television commercials tend to portray White men as powerful, white women as sex objects, African American men as aggressive, and African American women as inconsequential. The authors suggest that these commercial images contribute to the perpetuation of subtle prejudice against African Americans by exaggerating cultural differences and denying positive emotions. Results are discussed in relation to the segmentation of media markets and possibilities for social change. 相似文献
Using secondary analysis, this study compared the characteristics of 1,763 parolees with substance abuse problems who successfully completed a post incarceration drug treatment program with those who did not. Those who completed the program were more likely to be women who had not used drugs 30 days before program admission, had fewer prior treatment experiences, remained in the program longer, and had secured employment and stable living arrangements by the time of discharge. Implications for treatment and program development are discussed. 相似文献
Findings across a wide body of research suggest that media targeted at young audiences often portray characters according to stereotypical gender roles. Childhood is a particularly sensitive time in gender identity development, and logic from social cognitive theory suggests that repeatedly observing these stereotypes can have a lasting influence on young audiences’ worldview. Building on previous research investigating gender role displays in film content, and with the expectation that content creators use movie posters to convey a one-shot summary of films to audiences, we conducted a content analysis on the gendered power depictions of the main characters in movie posters of 152 popular U.S. animated children’s feature films produced over the last 80 years. Findings revealed that main characters were more likely to be male and that males were portrayed as more powerful. These results add to a growing, yet substantial, body of research illustrating the prevalence of stereotypical gender role portrayals across virtually every popular medium with which children come into contact. We discuss our results’ implications for potential short-term and long-term effects of exposure to films’ gender role stereotypes on young viewers’ real-life gender role expectations.
The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationship between professional counselors’ general multicultural competence and negative attitudes held toward Arab Americans. Participants (N = 124) completed a survey, and a series of correlational, stepwise, and multiple regression analyses was conducted. Results indicated that counselors displayed higher levels of multicultural awareness than of multicultural knowledge. Furthermore, general multicultural awareness and specific knowledge of Arabs related significantly to negative attitudes held toward Arabs. El propósito de este estudio cuantitativo fue investigar la relación entre la competencia multicultural general de consejeros profesionales y las actitudes negativas mantenidas hacia personas estadounidenses de origen árabe. Los participantes (N = 124) completaron una encuesta, y se llevó a cabo una serie de análisis correlacionales, por pasos y de regresión múltiple. Los resultados indicaron que los consejeros mostraron niveles de conciencia multicultural mayores que los niveles de conocimiento multicultural. Además, la conciencia multicultural general y el conocimiento específico acerca de las personas árabes estuvieron significativamente relacionados con actitudes negativas mantenidas hacia personas árabes. 相似文献
Background Primary care physicians often treat older adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Objective To estimate physician diagnosis and recognition of anxiety and compare health service use among older adults with GAD with
two comparison samples with and without other DSM diagnoses. Methods Participants were 60+ patients of a multi-specialty medical organization. Administrative database and medical records were
reviewed for a year. Differences in frequency of health service use were analyzed with logistic regression and between-subjects
analysis of covariance. Results Physician diagnosis of GAD was 1.5% and any anxiety was 9%, and recognition of anxiety symptoms was 34% in older adults with
GAD. After controlling for medical comorbidity, radiology appointments were increased in the GAD group relative to those with
and without other psychiatric diagnoses, χ2 (2, N = 225) = 4.75, p < .05. Conclusions Most patients with anxiety do not have anxiety or symptoms documented in their medical records. 相似文献
Most studies of inattentional blindness—the failure to notice an unexpected object when attention is focused elsewhere—have
focused on one critical trial. For that trial, noticing the unexpected object might be a result of random variability, so
that any given individual would be equally likely to notice the unexpected object. On the other hand, individual differences
in the ability to perform the primary task might make noticing more likely for some individuals than for others. Increasing
the difficulty of the primary task has been shown to decrease noticing rates for both brief static displays (Cartwright-Finch
& Lavie, 2007) and dynamic monitoring tasks (Simons & Chabris, 1999). However, those studies did not explore whether individual
differences in noticing arise from differences in the ability to perform the primary task. For our Experiment 1, we used a
staircase procedure to equate primary task performance across individuals in a dynamic inattentional blindness task and found
that the demands of the primary task affected noticing rates when individual differences in accuracy were minimized. In Experiment
2, we found that individual differences in primary task performance did not predict noticing of an unexpected object. Together,
these findings suggest that although the demands of the primary task do affect inattentional blindness rates, individual differences
in the ability to meet those demands do not. 相似文献
This study examined patient-level factors associated with engagement in mental health treatment in a sample of medically ill
patients with clinically significant symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. A total of 248 patients was enlisted from a randomized
controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). Logistic regression analysis was used to predict mental health engagement, defined as attending at least one
intervention session. Results indicated that patient-perceived mastery over COPD was negatively related to mental health engagement.
Further, mastery was the only significant predictor of mental health engagement after controlling for patient demographic
characteristics, severity of COPD, depression, and anxiety. To improve engagement for medically ill patients with comorbid
mental health difficulties, clinicians should explore patients’ attitudes about their mental health within the context of
their perceived ability to cope with their medical disease. 相似文献
Dynamic social impact theory suggests that culture is created and shaped by local social influence as defined by four phenomena: (i) clustering, or regional differences in cultural elements; (ii) correlation, or emergent associations between elements; (iii) consolidation, or a reduction in variance; and (iv) continuing diversity. This article describes dynamic social impact theory and its propositions and reviews research supporting its predictions using a variety of methodologies and several types of cultural elements. This research suggests that cultures can be created and changed from the bottom-up through everyday communication with neighbors, friends, and coworkers. Attributes that are more important, observable, and demonstrable and less heritable may be more likely to spread and differentiate cultures than others. 相似文献
Telephone assessments are commonly used in mental health research and may be especially beneficial in older populations. The current study assessed the psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (T. J. Meyer, M. L. Miller, R. L. Metzger, & T. D. Borkovec, 1990) and the Beck Depression Inventory--II (A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996), when administered over the telephone in an older adult population. Results indicate no differences in mean symptom level or internal consistency across two modes of administration. Correlations between the in-person and telephone-administered measures and diagnostic categories suggest adequate validity of the telephone-administered measures. With this demonstrated evidence, the telephone assessment method can be applied in a variety of research and clinical settings. 相似文献