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911.
John F. Wallace Melanie B. Malterer Joseph P. Newman 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):812-816
Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST; Gray, 1987; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) has proven to be a valuable tool for understanding psychopathy (e.g., Fowles, 1980, 1988; Newman & Malterer, 2009; Poythress et al., 2008). Recent research has linked two RST constructs, the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS), to individuals with primary psychopathy and secondary psychopathy (Lykken, 1995; Newman, MacCoon, Vaughn, & Sadeh, 2005): Primary psychopaths manifest low BIS reactivity and secondary psychopaths manifest high BAS reactivity. In the present study, we examine the relationships between the BIS/BAS constructs and Factors 1 and 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R) in a sample of 472 incarcerated male offenders. Paralleling their relationships with primary and secondary psychopathy, the BIS/BAS constructs were differentially related to the two PCL-R factors. Specifically, the influence of the BIS was found to be more prominent than the influence of the BAS for Factor 1, and the influence of the BAS was more prominent than that of the BIS for Factor 2. 相似文献
912.
Several studies have demonstrated that acquired expertise influences aesthetic judgments. In this paradigm we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study aesthetic judgments of visually presented architectural stimuli and control-stimuli (faces) for a group of architects and a group of non-architects. This design allowed us to test whether level of expertise modulates neural activity in brain areas associated with either perceptual processing, memory, or reward processing. We show that experts and non-experts recruit bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and subcallosal cingulate gyrus differentially during aesthetic judgment, even in the absence of behavioural aesthetic rating differences between experts and non-experts. By contrast, activity in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) exhibits a differential response profile compared to OFC and subcallosal cingulate gyrus, suggesting a dissociable role between these regions in the reward processing of expertise. Finally, categorical responses (irrespective of aesthetic ratings) resulted in expertise effects in memory-related areas such as hippocampus and precuneus. These results highlight the fact that expertise not only modulates cognitive processing, but also modulates the response in reward related brain areas. 相似文献
913.
Martin P Baenziger J Macdonald M Siegler IC Poon LW 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(4):199-208
This study assessed engaged lifestyle activities (e.g., volunteering, traveling, and public speaking) for centenarians of
the Georgia Centenarian Study. A total of 285 centenarians and near-centenarians (i.e., 98 years and older) and their proxy
informants participated in this study. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was assessed for all centenarians, and proxy
informants reported on lifestyle activities and personality traits of the centenarians. Results suggested that participants
who had volunteered, traveled, and those who had given public talks and balanced their checkbooks were more likely to show
relatively high mental status scores (i.e., MMSE > 17). Personality traits were found to be moderators in the relationship
between engaged lifestyle and mental status: Participants with high levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness,
and Conscientiousness and with high levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively high mental status scores
(i.e., MMSE > 17), whereas participants with low levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and
Conscientiousness and with low levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively low mental status scores (i.e.,
MMSE < 18). The results suggest that engaged lifestyle, particularly in combination with personality traits, plays an important
role in the level of cognitive functioning among oldest old adults. 相似文献
914.
Samuel Shaki Martin H. Fischer William M. Petrusic 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):328-331
This study compared the spatial representation of numbers in three groups of adults: Canadians, who read both English words
and Arabic numbers from left to right; Palestinians, who read Arabic words and Arabic-Indic numbers from right to left; and
Israelis, who read Hebrew words from right to left but Arabic numbers from left to right. Canadians associated small numbers
with left and large numbers with right space (the SNARC effect), Palestinians showed the reverse association, and Israelis
had no reliable spatial association for numbers. These results suggest that reading habits for both words and numbers contribute
to the spatial representation of numbers. 相似文献
915.
Scholz U La Marca R Nater UM Aberle I Ehlert U Hornung R Martin M Kliegel M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(1):89-92
Acute stress has been found to have negative and implementation intentions (IIs) to have positive effects on cognitive performance. This study was the first to examine the effects of IIs on executive action control under acute psychosocial stress. Forty-two male subjects aged 21-39 years were randomly assigned to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) versus a rest condition. In addition, the instruction to the executive task (a go no-go task) was manipulated (IIs versus standard instruction). After the stress test, a dual-task procedure including a go no-go task was conducted. The TSST resulted in increases in cortisol response, heart rate and state anxiety compared to the rest condition. Acute stress significantly impaired go no-go performance, but only in the group without IIs. We conclude that under acute stress conditions executive functioning is reduced, but the use of IIs can be an effective strategy to overcome this negative effect. 相似文献
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918.
Two themes run through Kierkegaard’s authorship. The first defines existential requirements for “becoming human”—reflective
honesty and earnest humor. The second demarcates the religious phenomena of sobriety when human becoming suffers insurmountable
collisions. Living with existential pathos teaches the difference between the either/or logic of collisions and the both/and
logic of development and transitions. There is a difference between self-transformation and a progressive individual and social
development. In the developmental mode self experiences gradual progression or adaptive evolution; in the self-transformative
mode self undergoes qualitative upsurges, leaps, gestalt switches, musical key transpositions of becoming in individual and
social evolutions. Each individual in every epoch begins at the beginning. The author traces the movements of becoming in
their parallel dimensions, drawing a fork through Kierkegaard’s writing. The first leads through the existence spheres of
his pseudonymous authorship. The second intensifies the movement on the spot and in the moment.
相似文献
Martin Beck MatuštíkEmail: URL: http://www.public.asu.edu/~mmatusti |
919.
ObjectivesYouth sport programs have been designed to facilitate positive development of young sports people by teaching life skills. It is unclear which life skills are needed by adolescent athletes and which life skills should be included in youth sport programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how life skills are defined, which life skills British adolescent athletes need, and which life skills are the most important.Design and methodNineteen adolescent athletes, 10 coaches, 4 experts in sport psychology (pilot group) and 5 graduate students (pilot group) participated in a series of focus groups. An inductive analysis revealed how life skills are defined, which life skills British adolescent athletes need, and of these skills which are the most important.ResultsLife skills were defined as ranges of transferable skills needed for everyday life, by everybody, that help people thrive. Participants described the need for interpersonal skills including social skills, respect, leadership, family interactions, and communication. Personal skills including self-organization, discipline, self-reliance, goal setting, managing performance outcomes, and motivation, were also reported. Social skills were identified as the most important life skills.ConclusionsIn conclusion, findings add support to existing positive youth development research while adding an insight into which life skills should be built into youth sport programs in the United Kingdom. 相似文献
920.
The affective content of Subjective Wellbeing (SWB) was investigated in two separate studies. Study 1 involved a representative
sample of 478 participants from across Australia aged between 18 and 72 years. This study tested the circumplex model of affect
and then determined the minimum set of affects that explain variance in SWB. The model was supported, with most affects congregated
around the valence axis. Overall, 64% of the variance in SWB was explained by six Core Affects, indicating that SWB is a highly
affective construct. Study 2 tested the relative strength of Core Affect (content, happy and excited), in three separate models
of SWB incorporating cognition (seven discrepancies) and all five factors of personality. Using a sample of 854 participants
aged been 18–86 years, structural equation modeling was used to compare an affective-cognitive driven model of SWB, with a
personality driven model of SWB and a discrepancy driven model of SWB. The results provide support for an affective-cognitive
model which explained 90 percent of the variance in SWB. All models confirm that the relationship between SWB, Core Affect
and Discrepancies is far stronger than the relationship between personality and SWB. It is proposed that Core Affect and Discrepancies
comprise the essence of SWB. Moreover, Core Affect is the driving force behind individual set-point levels in SWB homeostasis. 相似文献