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241.
Ironic Process Theory and the role of thought suppression have been used in part to explain the phenomenon of intrusive memories in various disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder. How thought suppression interacts with other cognitive processes believed to be instrumental in the development of traumatic intrusive memory is unclear. In an analogue study, thought suppression and cognitive processing was manipulated in 4 experimental groups after participants (n = 80) viewed a trauma film. The impact of suppression was examined in relation to self-reported intrusive experiences as well as via more objective methods (word stem and dot probe tasks) to assess potential preferential encoding of negative material. Cognitive load appeared to undermine thought suppression ability, with these participants experiencing more intrusions over the week relative to participants in all other conditions. This group also showed greater priming to negative film-related words, and both suppression groups demonstrated enhanced memory for film-related content on recognition testing. Thought suppression mediated the relationship between negative interpretations of initial intrusions and later intrusions experienced over the week. The findings are discussed in the context of ironic process theory and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress. 相似文献
242.
Deborah Roth Ledley Richard G. Heimberg Debra A. Hope Sarah A. Hayes Talia I. Zaider Melanie Van Dyke Cynthia L. Turk Cynthia Kraus David M. Fresco 《Behavior Therapy》2009,40(4):414-424
Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent and impairing disorder for which viable cognitive-behavioral therapies exist. However, these treatments have not been easily packaged for dissemination and may be underutilized as a result. The current study reports on the findings of a randomized controlled trial of a manualized and workbook-driven individual cognitive-behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder (Hope, Heimberg, Juster, & Turk, 2000; Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2006). This treatment package was derived from an empirically supported group treatment for social anxiety disorder and intended for broad dissemination, but it has not previously been subjected to empirical examination on its own. As a first step in that examination, 38 clients seeking treatment for social anxiety disorder at either the Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple University or the Anxiety Disorders Clinic of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln were randomly assigned to receive either immediate treatment with this cognitive-behavioral treatment package or treatment delayed for 20 weeks. Evaluation at the posttreatment/postdelay period revealed substantially greater improvements among immediate treatment clients on interviewer-rated and self-report measures of social anxiety and impairment. Three-month follow-up assessment revealed maintenance of gains. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
243.
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck Danielle C. Lees Graham L. Bradley Ellen A. Skinner 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(2):136-149
An analogue methodology was used to present a set of realistic, salient stressors to children in grades 3, 5, and 7. Children
(N = 146) viewed eight videotaped vignettes depicting interpersonal and non-interpersonal stressors; these were expected to
differentially threaten psychological needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy and provoke different emotional reactions.
Analyses showed that scenarios portrayed stressors that were commonly experienced by children and evoked a differentiated
profile of appraisals and emotions. When tenets of the motivational theory of stress and coping were tested, scenarios more
threatening to needs were more distressing, sadness was linked to relatedness and competence threat appraisals, and fear was
a more common reaction to parent stressors that involved dyadic conflict. After accounting for threat appraisals and previous
experience of stressors, younger children and girls appraised events as more distressing than older children and boys. Future
research could use the analogue procedure to focus on children’s development of regulation and coping with stress. 相似文献
244.
Factors related to young women’s reported likelihood of confronting sexism were investigated. Participants were 338 U.S. female undergraduates (M?=?19 years) attending a California university. They were asked to complete questionnaire measures and to write a personal narrative about an experience with sexism. Approximately half (46%) the women reported confronting the perpetrator. Individual factors (prior experience with sexism, feminist identification, collective action) and situational factors (familiarity and status of perpetrator, type of sexism) were tested as predictors in a logistic regression. Women were less likely to report confronting sexism if (1) they did not identify as feminists, (2) the perpetrator was unfamiliar or high-status/familiar (vs. familiar/equal-status), or (3) the type of sexism involved unwanted sexual attention (vs. sexist comments). 相似文献
245.
This study examined the relationship of body esteem, weight satisfaction, self esteem, and depression among 309 (186 females
and 123 males) Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Females were found to have significantly lower body esteem [Body
Esteem Scale: S. L. Franzoi and S. A. Shields (1984) “The Body Esteem Scale: Multidimensional Structure and Sex Differences
in a College Population,” Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 48, pp. 173–178] and higher depression [Center for Epidemiologic
Studies Depression Scale: L. S. Radloff (1977) “The CES-D scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General
Population,” Applied Psychological Measures, Vol. 2, pp. 385–401] when compared to males, whereas males were found to have
significantly more weight dissatisfaction. No significant difference was found in the area of self-esteem [Index of Self-Esteem:
W. W. Hudson (1982) Clinical Measurement Package: A Field Manual, Chicago: Dorsey]. Females desired a significantly lower
ideal body mass index, whereas, males desired a significantly higher ideal body mass index. The relationship between body
esteem, weight satisfaction, and self-esteem was similar for males and females; however, the relationship between body satisfaction
and depression was significant only for females. Findings are compared to similar research on European American samples and
implications from a cross-cultural perspective are discussed. 相似文献
246.
Melanie P. Duckworth Anthony Iezzi Henry E. Adams Danielle Hale 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1997,19(3):239-255
Researchers have alternately suggested selective attention, impaired stimulus filtering, and affective language deficiency models as accounting for multiple somatic complaints in persons with chronic pain disorder. The purpose of the present study was to establish the comparative usefulness of these three models for explaining somatic focus in a chronic pain population. Nine chronic pain patients evidencing high somatic focus (somatizing chronic pain patients), 10 chronic pain patients evidencing low somatic focus (nonsomatizing chronic pain patients), and 10 healthy control subjects were administered a computerized version of the emotional Stroop test as a test of these models. A total of 105 pain-, depression-, and neutral-content words were used as Stroop test stimuli. Stroop test color-naming response latencies were submitted to a two-way Group × Word Type mixed-model ANOVA, with Word Type as the repeated measure. Results reveal that neither the selective attention model nor the affective language deficiency model adequately explain Stroop test performance in somatizing chronic pain patients. Findings provide tentative support for the impaired stimulus filtering model, with somatizing chronic pain patients evidencing similar Stroop test response delays across all words. These results suggest that chronic pain sufferers misinterpret bodily sensations. Findings are discussed in terms of a bilevel approach for treatment of somatizing chronic pain patients that would include assisting the patient in accurate appraisal and interpretation of physical symptoms. 相似文献
247.
Janet S. St. Lawrence Melanie L. McGrath Mark E. Oakley Susan C. Sult 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1983,1(4):101-110
The practice of law has created chronic and, at times, severe psychological stress both in law school and subsequent practice. In the current study, students volunteered to participate in a six-session seminar on personal stress management skills including self-relaxation training, schedule planning, priority-setting, leisure time planning, and cognitive modification techniques. Subjects showed pre- to posttreatment improvement on a variety of measures that included their knowledge about stress, personal ratings of stressful situations, and their daily activity schedules. In contrast, a control group showed no improvement and worsened in reported levels of personal stress. The importance of providing law students with personal stress management skills is discussed. 相似文献
248.
The psychometric soundness of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (SMAQ) was examined using two independent samples of Canadian male post-secondary students (Ns = 250 and 310, respectively). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the final 19-item version of the SMAQ is represented by three latent constructs, which we have labeled: intention to become more muscular (eight-items), positive attributes of muscularity (nine-items), and engagement in muscle-building activities (two-items). Alpha coefficients for the intention and positive subscales were very good (i.e., range = .86–.92). Correlation coefficients between the two-items comprising the engagement subscale also suggest that they can be combined into a composite measure (rs = .70 [study 1] and .58 [study 2]). Various tests of criterion-related and construct validity were conducted, with results indicating that the SMAQ subscales are valid indicants of the drive for muscularity. 相似文献
249.
The paper describes the development of a cognitive therapy (CT) program for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is based on a recent cognitive model (Behav. Res. Therapy 38 (2000) 319). In a consecutive case series, 20 PTSD patients treated with CT showed highly significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety. A subsequent randomized controlled trial compared CT (N = 14) and a 3-month waitlist condition (WL, N = 14). CT led to large reductions in PTSD symptoms, disability, depression and anxiety, whereas the waitlist group did not improve. In both studies, treatment gains were well maintained at 6-month follow-up. CT was highly acceptable, with an overall dropout rate of only 3%. The intent-to-treat effect sizes for the degree of change in PTSD symptoms from pre to post-treatment were 2.70-2.82 (self-report), and 2.07 (assessor-rated). The controlled effect sizes for CT versus WL post-treatment scores were 2.25 (self-report) and 2.18 (assessor-rated). As predicted by the cognitive model, good treatment outcome was related to greater changes in dysfunctional post-traumatic cognitions. Patient characteristics such as comorbidity, type of trauma, history of previous trauma, or time since the traumatic event did not predict treatment response, however, low educational attainment and low socioeconomic status were related to better outcome. 相似文献
250.
Cup stacking is a relatively new activity which has been promoted at conferences for physical educators as having many direct and indirect benefits, such as improved quickness. This study examined the influence of a cup-stacking instructional unit on reaction and anticipation times of 69 children in Grades 2 and 4. Within each grade participants were assigned to an experimental or a control group. The former received a 3-wk. instructional unit following the lesson plans provided by the promoters of cup stacking. The control groups received a standard physical education curriculum. Analysis indicated no significant differences in reaction and anticipation times between the groups before and after practicing the instructional unit. 相似文献