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281.
Many people who drink alcohol have experienced a blackout; whereby they are unable to recall events that occurred during a period of intoxication. Following these blackout episodes individuals may attempt to reconstruct what happened to them. Blackouts therefore afford an excellent opportunity to study the strategies people use to reconstruct forgotten experiences. We conducted a survey of university students to explore how people choose to reconstruct blackouts, and the likely accuracy of these reconstructions. Our findings add to the growing research literature on people's strategies for validating their past experiences, and highlight the important role of external sources in the reconstruction process. The data show that people's desire to “fill in the blanks” can lead them to rely on rather unreliable sources, and may also encourage them to adopt weaker source-monitoring criteria. Indeed, in at least some cases reconstructing blackouts appears to lead to the development of false beliefs or memories. 相似文献
282.
283.
Jonathan S. Abramowitz Donald H. BaucomSara Boeding Michael G. WheatonNicole D. Pukay-Martin Laura E. FabricantChristine Paprocki Melanie S. Fischer 《Behavior Therapy》2013
Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) involving exposure and response prevention (ERP) is an established treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), not all patients respond optimally, and some show relapse upon discontinuation. Research suggests that for OCD patients in close relationships, targeting relationship dynamics enhances the effects of CBT. In the present study, we developed and pilot tested a 16-session couple-based CBT program for patients with OCD and their romantic partners. This program included (a) partner-assisted ERP, (b) techniques targeting maladaptive relationship patterns focal to OCD (e.g., symptom accommodation), and (c) techniques targeting non OCD-related relationship stressors. OCD, related symptoms, and relationship functioning were assessed at baseline, immediately following treatment (posttest), and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. At posttest, substantial improvements in OCD symptoms, relationship functioning, and depression were observed. Improvements in OCD symptoms were maintained up to 1 year. Results are compared to findings from studies of individual CBT for OCD and discussed in terms of the importance of addressing interpersonal processes that maintain OCD symptoms. 相似文献
284.
This study investigated the extent to which the experience of daily stressors was related to women's age and daily health symptomology, such as flu and cold symptoms. Respondents were 562 women (aged 25–74) who were a part of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), a telephone diary study examining daily stressful events. The respondents were interviewed by telephone on eight consecutive nights, which resulted in a total of 3978 days of information analysed. Overall, women had at least one physical symptom on 59% of the study days and at least one daily stressor on 40% of the study days. Results from a series of ANOVAs showed that young and middle-aged women reported more frequent physical symptoms than did the older women. This age pattern was similar to the incidence of daily stressful experiences. Furthermore, daily stressors, specifically interpersonal tensions, were shown to significantly mediate the age–symptom relationship. These findings suggest that women who are exposed to events that threaten their interpersonal relationships are at a greater risk for symptoms of ill-health. 相似文献
285.
The aim of this study was to explore psychopathological and behavior impairments in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) by focusing on individual differences rather than group tendencies. Parent/Guardian ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist were analyzed in order to examine the influence of gender, chronological age, and cognitive abilities on psychopathological impairment within WBS. In line with predictions, and consistent with cognitive heterogeneity in WBS, psychopathological and behavioral abnormalities were variable, with gender and specific cognitive abilities making significant and independent contributions to this variance. For gender, females were significantly more likely than males with WBS to display difficulties with externalizing problems. For specific cognitive abilities, those cognitive functions characteristic of the classic WBS cognitive profile (a strength in verbal skills and a weakness in spatial skills) related to significantly greater internalizing difficulties. Future studies should explore underlying genetic and neurological differences in individuals with WBS in order to help explain the variability in psychopathological and cognitive functions. 相似文献
286.
Self-Determination Theory posits and research supports that caregiver autonomy support, involvement, and structure facilitate
children’s motivation and well-being. However, to attain a comprehensive understanding of these caregiving behaviors and thus
make informed practical recommendations, their key components must be identified. While a significant literature examines
autonomy support and involvement, structure has been less extensively researched. This study thus attempted to provide an
in-depth exploration of parental structure. Drawing from past literature, six components were identified. Seventy-five seventh
and eighth graders completed semi-structured interviews and students and parents completed questionnaires assessing structure,
other parenting dimensions, and motivational outcomes in the academic domain. Findings indicate that structure (a) is multi-faceted,
(b) is independent from autonomy support, and (c) makes unique contributions to children’s motivation and school performance.
Implications for providing facilitative contexts for children’s motivation and success as well as for future work are discussed. 相似文献
287.
Erin K. Cressman Brendan D. Cameron Melanie Y. Lam Ian M. Franks Romeo Chua 《Human movement science》2010,29(6):871-881
Pisella et al. (2000) have shown that fast aiming movements are automatically modified on-line in response to a change in target position. Specifically, when a movement is less than 300 ms in duration the reach is completed to a target’s new location even when one never intended to respond to the target jump. In contrast, when movements are slower, the reach is completed according to instructions. At present, it is unclear if it is possible for one’s intentions to guide the initial stages of these slow movements. To determine if the intentional control mechanism can guide the initial stages of a slow aiming movement, participants aimed to targets that could jump at movement onset, with a slow and very slow movement time goal. In particular, participants were to point towards (“pro-point”) or away from (“anti-point”) the target jump, with a movement time goal of 500 or 1200 ms. Results showed that in the anti-point condition, movement trajectories first deviated in the same direction as the target jump, followed by a response in the intended (opposite) direction. This suggests that while movement outcome is controlled by the intentional system, even in these slow aiming movements the automatic system is engaged at movement onset. 相似文献
288.
Sebanz et al. (Cognition 88:B11–B21, 2003) have shown that spatial correspondence effects are observed even when the two-choice
reaction time task is distributed between two people, such that each person is assigned only one of two possible stimulus–response
(S–R) pairings. The effect is similar to when one person is assigned and responds to both S–R pairings. These results have
been taken to suggest that two people performing a complementary task co-represent each other’s response alternatives. In
our experiment, we examined performance when paired participants responded to the same S–R alternative. We reasoned that co-representation
would be of little advantage as the task alternatives would be the same for both participants. Correspondence effects were
absent when paired participants responded to the same S–R alternative but emerged when they responded to different alternatives. 相似文献
289.
Melanie Weis 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2010,31(1):25-37
A review of the literature on integrated and holistic treatment approaches of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses is presented. Perspectives on the etiology of PTSD‐SUD comorbidity and the inter‐relation of symptoms are explored. 相似文献
290.
Melissa Fuller Melanie Myers Thomas Webb Meredith Tabangin Cynthia Prows 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(1):84-96
Family health history is one of the best predictors of an individual’s risk for common disease, yet it is underutilized in
routine care. Although the Surgeon General has recommended consumers record their family health history and share it with
their health care provider, providers’ perceptions of patient-generated family histories are unknown. To learn more about
providers’ experience with and perceptions about patient-generated family histories, we mailed surveys to 301 providers and
had a response rate of 24% (n = 68). Seventy-three percent felt a patient-generated computer pedigree would improve their ability to assess risk as compared
to their current methods. Seventy percent felt a patient-generated computer pedigree would either have no effect on or would
increase the number of patients that could be seen in a day. Results suggest that providers appreciate the potential benefits
of patient-generated family histories. Genetic counselors and nurses are in a prime position to promote and facilitate the
use of patient-generated family health histories in routine care. 相似文献