SCIENCE AND CONFUCIANISM IN RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

In contrast to Western science and religion, a topic which has been studied very much since the twentieth century, less research has been done on science and Confucianism. By way of a comparative viewpoint within the history of science, this article will deal with some aspects of science and Confucianism in retrospect, for instance, the Confucian origin of the idea of tian yuan di fang 天圓地方, the natural philosophy of qi, and the wu xing li tian zhi qi 五行沴天之氣 bringing abnormal astrological phenomena and reflecting a negative Confucian relation between politics, ethics, and nature. In the late Ming, Xiong Mingyu found that abnormal astrological phenomena, as atmospheric events, happened in the sublunar region rather than in the stars, and in the present time we can reinterpret the crisis of air pollution or global climate change as reflecting a negative Confucian relation between politics, ethics, and nature and as a warning of collective misbehavior in our use of modern scientific technologies.     

当代西方心理学的三种新取向及其比较

当代西方心理学界先后出现了后现代心理学、积极心理学和进化心理学等新的研究取向。这三种取向在对现代主义心理学反思和批判的基础上构建着各自的理论体系和研究视野,并对西方心理学产生了深刻的冲击和影响。本文综述了这三种取向的核心观点和基本特征,论证了它们对当代西方心理学研究的积极影响及存在的问题,主张反思的意义在于超越,不同取向的整合应基于宽容与对话。     

缺血性脑血管病患者的记忆障碍与脑脊液(CSF)中三种神经肽关系的研究

本实验对9例缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者及9例正常健康对照者及对照者进行了临床记忆量表检查,并测定了患者及对照者的脑脊液(CSF)中P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIF)及生长抑素(SS)含量。结果:(1)ICVD患者的记忆总分及记忆商(MQ)均显著低于正常健康对照组及对照组;分项测试中亦有降低趋势,且其中联想学习成绩的降低达显著性。(2)ICVD患者CSFSS含量显著低于对照组。(3)ICVD患者CSFSS含量与其MQ是显著正相关。本结果提示ICVD患者有不同程度的记忆障碍,测定CSFSS对患者记忆状况的判断有一定的参考价值。     

海马结构、前额皮层或尾-壳核损毁对大鼠空间认知能力的影响

本研究的目的是探讨海马结构(HF)、前额皮层(PFC)和尾-壳核(CP)在大鼠空间认知加工中的作用。实验观察到HP或PFC损毁大鼠Morris迷宫学习或记忆作业成绩显著低于CP损毁组和控制组(CG);HF损毁大鼠主要采用与其它各组不同的“非图类”搜索策略。搜索策略的差异提示:HF和PFC在大鼠图认知加工系统中处于不同的功能层次,HF起相对重要的作用。CP几乎不影响大鼠空间认知能力,表现出哺乳类与鸟类同源结构的功能分化倾向。     

国有企业职工需要结构及其态势研究

运用问卷法对中国国有企业职工的需要结构及其态势进行调查。结果表明,１．国有企业职工意识到的基本需要有２８种;２．这２８种需要共分六类、六个层次,按由低到高的层次排列,依次是生存、安全、社交、自主、尊重和发展需要,其中安全、发展和生存需要是国有企业职工的主导需要;３．企业、年龄和文化程度不同,职工的主导需要及其需求度存在某些差异     

中枢胆碱能系统在小鸡记忆形成过程中的作用

中枢胆碱能系统在记忆形成过程中的特异性作用仍有待于进一步探讨。该研究观察了东莨菪碱对小鸡一次性被动回避行为的影响,主要结果如下：１．训练前颅内注射一定剂量的东莨菪碱可引起一日龄小鸡的记忆障碍;２．无论是训练前１５分钟还是训练前３０分钟注射,东莨菪碱引起的记忆障碍均起始于训练后１５－２０分钟之间;３．研究中所用剂量的东莨菪碱不影响小鸡的啄食行为、味觉功能及兴奋水平。上述结果提示,中枢胆碱能系统可能较特异性地参与中时记忆的形成过程。     

The importance of gender and affect in the socialization of adolescents' beliefs about benevolent authority: Evidence from Chinese indigenous psychology

Belief in the benevolence and moral legitimacy of leaders in central government is theorized as a form of cultural capital consistent with the hierarchical relationalism of East Asian societies with Confucian roots. A reliable measure of benevolent authority beliefs (BAB) is introduced, and its convergent and discriminant validity relative to established measures of institutional trust are established. Its socialization as part of the political culture of Taiwan was examined among high school adolescents aged 13–16. Significant gender differences were found inconsistent with traditional patriarchy. Regression analyses showed that within the relationship with mothers but not fathers, adolescents associated higher reciprocal filial piety, authoritative parenting, and authentic (positive) affect with higher BAB. For daughters but not sons, reciprocal filial piety, authoritative parenting style, and authentic (positive) affect in the relationship with their father were positively associated with BAB. Affect‐based transfer from parent‐child relationships rather than authoritarian obligations based on rote learning was a key socializing factor in a contemporary Chinese society.     

AN EXPRESSIVE WRITING INTERVENTION TO COPE WITH LESBIAN-RELATED STRESS: THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF OPENNESS ABOUT SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Over the past two decades, expressive writing interventions have been used successfully to reduce distress and improve well-being for those dealing with traumatic events, stressors, and illnesses. The purpose of this study was to investigate an expressive writing intervention for lesbian-related stressors. As expected, writing about traumatic events related to sexual orientation reduced self-reported confusion and perceived stress over a 2-month period for those lesbians who were less open about their sexual orientation. Interestingly, writing about such traumatic experiences was associated with increases in confusion and perceived stress for those who were more open about their sexual orientation. Applying this paradigm to assist individuals in coping with stressors related to their sexual orientation represents an important addition to the expressive writing literature. Furthermore, it offers a promising, cost-effective method to assist closeted lesbians in coping with stressors related to their sexual orientation.     

光照对小鸡脑内神经细胞粘附分子表达的影响

胚胎发育晚期光照条件的不同,对小鸡后天的学习记忆能力有显著的影响,暗孵化小鸡表现出明显的长时记忆障碍。实验利用免疫组化的方法,分别对光孵化、正常孵化和暗孵化条件下,胚胎发育的第17、18、19、20、21天,小鸡脑内上纹体腹核(HV)中神经细胞粘附分子(NCAMs)的表达进行了观察。结果表明：暗孵化条件下孵出的小鸡,在一次性被动回避学习中,记忆保持水平显著低于光孵化组和正常孵化组;在胚胎发育的第20天NCAM的表达,在光孵化组和正常孵化组中显著增高,到胚胎发育的第21天,这种升高在正常孵化组中显著下降;而暗孵化组在整个观察过程中,NCAM表达水平一直非常低。这一结果提示,不同光照条件在孵化过程中,对NCAM表达的影响,参与了光照对小鸡后天学习记忆行为改变的过程。     

历史唯物主义"重建"之思

德国哲学家哈贝马斯明确提出过历史唯物主义的“重建”问题,但其所谓“重建”是建立在他对历史唯物主义一些基本范畴和原理的误解之上的。例如,在他那里,历史唯物主义的“斯大林模式”与“马克思经典”常常混为一谈。同时,他对历史唯物主义的“重建”工作,也是完全服从于他的历史唯物主义替代模式———“交往行为理论”的需要的,因此他对历史唯物主义所持的思想态度是抽象肯定、具体否定。本文所提历史唯物主义的“重建”,绝不是对历史唯物主义的基本范畴和原理施行一番“解构”,以一套理论上的替代模式去试图“超越”历史唯物主义,而是针…