惯例的实证研究进展：心理学的视角

惯例是人们在重复解决同一问题时形成的程序化行为或策略,它既可以从个体,也可以从群体的视角来研究。在心理学中,惯例的研究始于思维定势和内隐学习;近年来,在现代认知心理学的推动下,研究者们已从个体与群体问题解决、决策的视角对它进行了一系列研究;而惯例重复性的特征又为它与重复博弈的交叉研究提供了可能。未来的惯例研究可以在以往研究基础上,从其普遍性和特点、信息搜索、知识迁移等角度展开。     

The effects of cognitive load and encoding modality on prospective memory

Cognitive Processing - Successful execution of an intention as planned is necessary for people's normal life. However, people sometimes even forget intentions that they consider as...     

The kinetic limit of superheating induced by semicoherent interfaces

The superheating behaviour of embedded particles induced by semicoherent interfaces has been observed in many circumstances. In this paper, a phenomeno‐ logical model for melt nucleation on misfit dislocations at a semicoherent interface is proposed. A kinetic limit for semicoherent-interface-induced superheating, which is in good agreement with the results of experiments and computer simulations, is derived from this model. Calculations and analyses based on the model reveal that melting prefers to initiate at the semicoherent interface and that superheating of embedded particles is possible for a melt nucleation contact angle less than 90°. Among the matrix-dependent parameters, the contact angle and the shear modulus of the matrix are found to be dominant in determining the superheating of embedded particles.     

Cortical integration of audio–visual speech and non-speech stimuli

Using fMRI we investigated the neural basis of audio–visual processing of speech and non-speech stimuli using physically similar auditory stimuli (speech and sinusoidal tones) and visual stimuli (animated circles and ellipses). Relative to uni-modal stimuli, the different multi-modal stimuli showed increased activation in largely non-overlapping areas. Ellipse-Speech, which most resembles naturalistic audio–visual speech, showed higher activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus, fusiform gyri, left posterior superior temporal sulcus, and lateral occipital cortex. Circle-Tone, an arbitrary audio–visual pairing with no speech association, activated middle temporal gyri and lateral occipital cortex. Circle-Speech showed activation in lateral occipital cortex, and Ellipse-Tone did not show increased activation relative to uni-modal stimuli. Further analysis revealed that middle temporal regions, although identified as multi-modal only in the Circle-Tone condition, were more strongly active to Ellipse-Speech or Circle-Speech, but regions that were identified as multi-modal for Ellipse-Speech were always strongest for Ellipse-Speech. Our results suggest that combinations of auditory and visual stimuli may together be processed by different cortical networks, depending on the extent to which multi-modal speech or non-speech percepts are evoked.     

Is more similar,better? Interacting effect of the cognitive‐style congruency and tacitness of knowledge on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyad

This study explored the effects of cognitive‐style congruency on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyadic relationship and the moderating effect of tacitness of knowledge in this relationship. Using data from 148 sales personnel dyads, we found that the more congruent the cognitive style between a mentor and a protégé, the more effective the knowledge transfer between them. Moreover, the tacitness of knowledge moderated this association as expected. When the knowledge to be transferred was organized, systematic, and clear, this positive relationship was weakened. This relationship was particularly strong when the knowledge to be transferred was tacit, ambiguous, and unclear.     

《论语》文体形式的文化阐释

《论语》是以“语”体和“子曰”等形式记录孔子的言论,建构孔子的话语权威和思想价值体系的。“子曰”形式最宜于孔子独自式地直接阐发自己的思想,“问——子曰”形式由于受到孔子“礼”和“仁”的规范,导致与孔子对话的真正主体缺席,而成为孔子建构自己话语权威的有效言说方式。孔子重视“言”的作用,但反对“巧言”。孔子不期望论辩,面对论辩他往往先预设道德判断,然后否定欲辩者,从而最终否定论辩本身。对孔子来说,“巧言”和“沦辩”会使自己的话语权威和思想价值体系面临被解构的威胁。     

朱子中和新旧说转向的再审视——从“方往方来之说”到“识仁”与“持敬”

传统观点认为,乾道己丑春(1169年,朱子年40岁),朱子与友人蔡季通讨论中和问题,突然自疑旧说之非并确立新说,中和新旧说遂以此为划界。这容易让我们忽视一个重要事实:新旧说的转变是一个渐进而非顿悟的过程。丙戌,朱子去信南轩确立中和旧说之后,自丁亥年(1167年,朱子年38岁)开始,朱子思想中出现了"识仁"与"持敬"工夫的认识转向,这标志着中和新说思想已经开始酝酿。中和新说的萌芽尤其反映在《答张钦夫》第三十四书("中和旧说"四札之最后一札)中。提出这一点,不仅有利于确定学界一直争论的"中和旧说"四札的顺序,同时看到《答张钦夫》第三十四书在中和新旧说转向过程中的重要性,更有利于重审朱子中和旧新说的转变过程。     

ADHD的抑制缺陷和厌恶延迟—来自双通道理论的解释

行为抑制理论认为抑制功能的落后是ADHD的核心缺损所在,Sonuga-Barke的厌恶延迟理论认为ADHD起因是厌恶延迟而非抑制缺损,但该理论并不能解释ADHD的全部症状,Sonuga-Barke将厌恶延迟理论作了修正,提出了双通道模型。该模型认为ADHD的抑制缺陷和厌恶延迟同时存在,相互独立,模型的认知发展通道关注抑制控制缺陷对ADHD的影响,而动机发展通道则认为ADHD儿童是因奖励回路紊乱而引起异常的厌恶延迟的动机风格。本文介绍了双通道理论及相关的研究及其应用于ADHD诊断和干预的价值和局限性。     

创伤暴露程度对中学生创伤后应激障碍的影响：复原力的调节作用

采用创伤暴露程度调查表、复原力量表和创伤后应激障碍症状量表调查了汶川地震1年后的773名中学生,考察了其复原力在创伤暴露程度与创伤后应激障碍关系中的调节作用。结果发现,地震1年后,中学生的创伤后应激障碍水平较低,其中男生的水平低于女生,初一学生的水平相对低于初二、高一和高三学生;创伤暴露程度对创伤后应激障碍及其各维度都有显著的正向预测作用;复原力在创伤暴露程度对创伤后应激障碍及其回避性症状与警觉性增高症状的影响上发生负向调节作用,在创伤暴露程度对闯入性症状的影响上不起调节作用。     

Differences in paper-and-pencil versus computerized line bisection according to ADHD subtype and hand-use

Two versions of the line bisection task, paper-and-pencil and computerized, were administered to non-medicated children (5-12 years) with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Fifteen children were classified with ADHD-Inattentive type (ADHD-I), 15 were classified with ADHD-Combined or Hyperactive-Impulsive type (ADHD-C), and 15 children served as controls. During the paper-and-pencil task, and irrespective of hand-use, participants with ADHD-C bisected lines with a right bias, whereas participants with ADHD-I showed a leftwards bias. Interestingly, during the computerized version, an opposite pattern of hemineglect was observed with a leftwards bias for participants with ADHD-C and a rightwards bias for participants with ADHD-I. These findings suggest that different task demands are associated with the paper-and-pencil and computerized tasks. The findings also suggest that the two subtypes differ according to their cognitive profile, and possibly differ as to their underlying neural impairment.