网络突发事件中的负性偏向：产生与表现

在网络突发事件的产生和传播中, 人们往往更关注负面信息的加工和传递, 存在负性偏向。本研究依据事件酝酿、爆发、蔓延阶段的特征, 构建心理机制模型, 通过3项研究分别检验了信息内容、信息加工和信息传递中负性偏向的产生和发展。结果表明, 负性偏向不仅产生于网络突发事件的源头语篇中, 还产生于个体信息加工和人际信息传递过程, 表现为个体对负性词汇更好的记忆效果及更高的辨别力, 以及网民间对负性信息的选择性传递和对模糊信息的负性解读。研究有利于认识网络突发事件信息传播规律, 科学应对舆情危机, 创新网络治理。     

Influence of emotional valence on perceived psychological distance depends on emotional intensity

Previous findings regarding the relationship between emotional valence and psychological distance were mixed. The current research examined whether emotional intensity moderates the influence of emotional valence on psychological distance. We manipulated intensity and valence by asking participants to describe a positive or negative event from either a high intensity or low intensity perspective. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that negative events were perceived to be more distant than positive events in the low‐intensity condition in two distinct cultural groups. Study 3 further proved that the obtained patterns were generalizable to different emotions. Finally, Study 4 found that a reduced alert level, but not perceived threats, mediated the interactive effects of valence and intensity on psychological distance. This research highlights the importance of considering the joint effect of different dimensions of emotion, thus advancing the understanding of complex processes of emotion.     

Coping,Reasons for Living,and Suicide in Black College Students

The authors examined the roles of reasons for living and coping in protecting against suicidal behaviors among 361 Black college students. Results of a path analysis revealed that reasons for living mediated against suicidal ideation through an inverse effect on depression. Results also indicated that greater use of emotion‐oriented coping may lead to suicidal ideation through increased depression and decreased reasons for living, whereas avoidance‐oriented coping protected against suicide. Implications for these results are further discussed.     

告知癌症患者真实诊断信息的策略

癌症死亡率高的特点,使人们“谈癌色变”.由于考虑到癌症患者得知诊断结果后产生不良影响,现在我国大多数临床医生还在采用隐瞒的告知方式.笔者通过对不告知癌症患者真实诊断的利弊分析以及告知真实诊断的理由论述,提出解决的策略,旨在帮助临床医生解决临床告知中的难题.     

伦理审查委员会跟踪审查制度探析

伦理审查委员会对研究项目的跟踪审查是保障受试者权益的核心手段.通过对国内外跟踪审查相关法规的梳理,界定了跟踪审查的概念,探讨了跟踪审查的意义.在介绍了美国、中国台湾以及我国跟踪审查现况的基础上,提出了完善我国跟踪审查制度的一些建议.     

中西社会文化比较视阈下我国医患矛盾解读

当前造成我国医患矛盾日益尖锐有诸多方面的因素.基于社会文化比较视角,从医疗秩序、医疗职业道德规范、诊疗出发点、行业自律性、医学模式五个层面进行中西对比,对引发我国医患矛盾冲突的原因加以分析,以期为我国政府制定医疗体制改革政策提供参考.     

A study of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters for Cr5+ at the rhombically-distorted tetrahedral P5+ site of Ca2PO4Cl crystal using a two-mechanism model

The complete high-order perturbation formulae of spin-Hamiltonian (SH) parameters (g factors g_i and hyperfine structure constants A_i , where i = x, y, z) containing contributions from both the crystal-field (CF) and charge-transfer (CT) mechanisms (the latter mechanism is neglected in the widely-used CF theory) are established for d¹ ions in rhombic tetrahedra. From these formulae, the SH parameters of Cr⁵⁺ ion at the rhombically-distorted tetrahedral P⁵⁺ site of Ca₂PO₄Cl crystal are calculated. The CF and CT energy levels used in the calculation are obtained from the optical spectra of the studied Ca₂PO₄Cl : Cr⁵⁺ crystal. The calculated results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental values. The signs of the hyperfine structure constants A_i and the relative importance of the CT mechanism to SH parameters are acquired from the calculations.     

Nature of ferroelectric–paraelectric transition

Ferroelectric (FE) materials directly convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and are critical to applications such as sensors, transducers, and actuators. The giant electromechanical response is the manifestation of the critical point between the first-order and second-order ferroelectric–paraelectric (FE–PE) transitions. For the simple classic FE lead titanate (PbTiO₃), it is commonly accepted that there is a critical point in the temperature–pressure phase diagram separating the first- and second-order FE–PE transitions at zero electric field. Here, we show that the FE-PE transition in PbTiO₃ is second-order at zero electric field. We introduce the concept of the invariant critical points (ICP) among three phases, representing the stability of the PE phase with respect to two FE phases in a three-dimensional electric field-pressure-temperature phase diagram of PbTiO₃. It is pointed out that the electromechanical response near ICPs is larger than that near the line of critical end points (LCEPs) between two phases.     

Measures of Cognitive Complexity and Its Development in Chinese Adolescents

There are various controversies over the measurement of cognitive complexity and few studies concerning its development in adolescents, especially in China. Based on a sample of 234 Chinese adolescents from Grades 7 through 11, the present study first compared 2 instruments and 12 corresponding indices of cognitive complexity—11 traditional and new forms of cognitive complexity scores on the Repgrid, and 1 score on the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ)—then adopted the most appropriate tool to investigate the development of cognitive complexity. The results showed that the RCQ may have relatively more construct validity than the Repgrid in terms of the assessment of adolescents’ cognitive complexity. Using the RCQ, it was found that adolescents of different grades, gender, peer status, and academic achievement had different levels of cognitive complexity.     

关于医院伦理委员会监管研究的文献分析

检索2005年1月～2012年6月讨论伦理委员会监管问题的论文,利用文献研究的方法,对历年发文篇数变化情况、发文地区、作者所属机构、发表物、引证情况、监管内容等方面进行整理分析.结果表明,对伦理委员会监管制度的研究尚处于初始阶段,研究内容集中在监管主体、运作机制、法律法规、认证制度四个方面.