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41.
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that when presented with a sudden stimulus simulating an oncoming predator,
Mongolian gerbils can compute the optimal trajectory to a safe refuge, taking into account the position of the threat, the
location of a clearly visible refuge, and several other contextual variables as well. In the present studies, the main goal
was to explore the abilities of gerbils to use mental representations of spaces that were visually occluded by opaque barriers
to compute efficient escape trajectories. In all studies, gerbils were placed into a round open field containing a single
refuge. On each trial, an overhead visual stimulus was caused to ‘fly’ overhead, eliciting robust escape movements from the
gerbils. By manipulating the shape and position of a series of opaque barriers that were interposed between the gerbils and
the refuge, we were able to show that gerbils can compute the shortest route to an invisible target, even when the available
routes to the target are made complex by using elaborate barrier shapes. These findings suggest that gerbils can maintain
representations of their locations with respect to salient environmental landmarks and refuges, even when such locations are
not continuously visible. 相似文献
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Each year individuals are required to execute millions of authorizations for the release of their health records as a condition of employment, applying for various types of insurance, and submitting claims for benefits. Generally, there are no restrictions on the scope of information released pursuant to these compelled authorizations, and the development of a nationwide system of interoperable electronic health records will increase the amount of health information released. After quantifying the extent of these disclosures, this article discusses why it is important to limit disclosures of health information for nonmedical purposes as well as how it may be possible to do so. 相似文献
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Female university and community college students (N =194) completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a 12-item tomboyism index. Subjects were predominantly Euro-American (71%). A multiple regression analysis was used to test the prediction that androgyny and masculinity would significantly predict tomboyism scores. The proportion of variance in tomboyism accounted for by masculinity was significant, but once masculinity was entered, no additional predictive value was added by the entry of androgyny or femininity. Tomboyism was not related to the development of expressive qualities such as compassion and sensitivity to the needs of others. However, tomboyism was positively related to some desirable instrumental qualities such as assertiveness and self-reliance. Tomboyism was common and generally declined at puberty due to social pressure.
To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at Department of Psychology & Human Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.The second and third authors were senior undergraduates at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo when this research was conducted. 相似文献
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Stephanie A. Kraft Mildred K. Cho Katherine Gillespie Meghan Halley Nina Varsava Kelly E. Ormond 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2018,18(4):3-20
With the growth of precision medicine research on health data and biospecimens, research institutions will need to build and maintain long-term, trusting relationships with patient-participants. While trust is important for all research relationships, the longitudinal nature of precision medicine research raises particular challenges for facilitating trust when the specifics of future studies are unknown. Based on focus groups with racially and ethnically diverse patients, we describe several factors that influence patient trust and potential institutional approaches to building trustworthiness. Drawing on these findings, we suggest several considerations for research institutions seeking to cultivate long-term, trusting relationships with patients: (1) Address the role of history and experience on trust, (2) engage concerns about potential group harm, (3) address cultural values and communication barriers, and (4) integrate patient values and expectations into oversight and governance structures. 相似文献
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Krystine Irene Batcho Andrea M. Nave Meghan L. DaRin 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(4):531-545
The present study introduces a balanced survey of a range of behavioral and emotional experiences to assess impressions of
a person’s childhood. Ninety-one undergraduates and 70 of their parents rated exposure to positive and negative social and
solitary experiences. The survey demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and 4-week test–retest reliability, and scores
correlated with Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory of temporally based beliefs and values, Batcho’s inventory of personal
nostalgia, and Holbrook’s measure of historical nostalgia. Correlations with time perspective and nostalgia inventories suggest
that favorable impressions of childhood are associated with benefits such as social connectedness, personal continuity, and
health-promoting behaviors and adverse impressions with less adaptive impacts such as unsatisfactory relationships, discontinuity,
and distress. Ratings of social experiences were correlated more closely with childhood happiness than were solitary experiences.
The Childhood Survey shows promise as a tool to expand the exploration of childhood experiences beyond adverse events to encompass
components that comprise a happy childhood. 相似文献
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Past research using a variety of methods has suggested that the frontal cortex is asymmetrically involved in the experience and expression of positive (or approach motivational) and negative (or withdrawal motivational) affects, with the left frontal region being involved in positive affects (or approach) and the right frontal region being involved in negative affects (or withdrawal). However, some studies have failed to replicate these effects, leaving many scientists questioning the meaning of the past supportive findings. To examine these inconsistencies in results, we tested the hypothesis that increasing the personal relevance of the stimuli and approach motivational intensity would increase relative left frontal activation. Results supported the predictions. Moreover, by showing the predicted effects with anger-inducing stimuli, the results demonstrated that motivational direction, rather than affective valence, accounts for asymmetrical frontal cortical activity. 相似文献
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Tammy L. Sheehy Meghan H. McDonough S. Elizabeth Zauber 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2017,29(3):285-303
People with Parkinson's disease (PD) may experience declining function and limited interaction with others with PD. Group exercise provides opportunities for physical accomplishment and social support, as well as potential social challenges. We used interpretative phenomenological analysis to examine experiences of social comparison, social support, and self-perceptions of 20 people with PD in group exercise. Participants experienced (a) reticence evolving to inspiration, (b) anxiety relief through camaraderie and breaking taboos, and (c) maintaining athletic identity through participating and helping others. Practical implications include facilitating a safe space and support to alleviate anxiety and sustain participation. 相似文献
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