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711.
The present study examined the role that health‐related social control plays in promoting health‐enhancing behavioral reactions among married couples. Health‐related social control refers to interactions entailing influence and regulation of health practices. A sample of 109 couples answered questions about their social control interactions during structured phone interviews. Analyses maintaining the couple as the unit of analysis indicated that spouses' reports of more frequent social control overall and the use of positive, bilateral, and direct social control tactics predicted their partners' reports of health‐enhancing behavioral reactions. 相似文献
712.
Crosson B McGregor K Gopinath KS Conway TW Benjamin M Chang YL Moore AB Raymer AM Briggs RW Sherod MG Wierenga CE White KD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(2):157-177
Animal analogue studies show that damaged adult brains reorganize to accommodate compromised functions. In the human arena,
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to study reorganization
of language substrates in aphasia. The resulting controversy regarding whether the right or the left hemisphere supports language
recovery and treatment progress must be reframed. A more appropriate question is when left-hemisphere mechanisms and when
right-hemisphere mechanisms support recovery of language functions. Small lesions generally lead to good recoveries supported
by left-hemisphere mechanisms. However, when too much language eloquent cortex is damaged, right-hemisphere structures may
provide the better substrate for recovery of language. Some studies suggest that recovery is particularly supported by homologues
of damaged left-hemisphere structures. Evidence also suggests that under some circumstances, activity in both the left and
right hemispheres can interfere with recovery of function. Further research will be needed to address these issues. However,
daunting methodological problems must be managed to maximize the yield of future fMRI research in aphasia, especially in the
area of language production. In this review, we cover six challenges for imaging language functions in aphasia with fMRI,
with an emphasis on language production: (1) selection of a baseline task, (2) structure of language production trials, (3)
mitigation of motion-related artifacts, (4) the use of stimulus onset versus response onset in fMRI analyses, (5) use of trials
with correct responses and errors in analyses, and (6) reliability and stability of fMRI images across sessions. However,
this list of methodological challenges is not exhaustive. Once methodology is advanced, knowledge from conceptually driven
fMRI studies can be used to develop theoretically driven, mechanism-based treatments that will result in more effective therapy
and to identify the best patient candidates for specific treatments. While the promise of fMRI in the study of aphasia is
great, there is much work to be done before this technique will be a useful clinical tool. 相似文献
713.
Using a symbolic object such as a model as a source of information about something else requires some appreciation of the relation between the symbol and what it represents. Representational insight has been proposed as essential to success in a symbolic retrieval task in which children must use information from a hiding event in a scale model to find a toy hidden in a room. The two studies reported here examine and reject a proposed alternative account for success in the model task. The results with 2.5-year-olds and 3-year-olds show that children's successful use of a scale model cannot be attributed to the simple detection of the correspondences between the objects in the two spaces. A higher-level representation of the model-room relation (i.e. representational insight) is required. The results are discussed with respect to the coalescence of multiple factors in determining performance in the model task. 相似文献
714.
Megan Fresson Benoit Dardenne Marie Geurten Thierry Meulemans 《Journal of applied social psychology》2017,47(10):539-552
Since stereotypes about people with acquired brain injury (ABI) can lead to prejudice, studying these stereotypes is highly important. In two studies, we examined these stereotypes both on idiosyncratic dimensions and on the two dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model. Participants completed a specific questionnaire about ABI and warmth and competence questionnaires regarding people with ABI and other social groups. Specific stereotypes about ABI were found to be underpinned by dimensions of “cognitive impairments and ADL limitations,” “catastrophic outcomes,” and “personal and interpersonal development.” Within the model, people with ABI were seen as being warm but incompetent. The ambivalent ABI stereotype could elicit prejudicial attitudes that may impede rehabilitation. 相似文献
715.
Robin Marie Kowalski Megan Morgan Katlyn Taylor 《The Journal of social psychology》2017,157(5):602-610
Research has shown the stigma attached to mental disabilities, yet little research has directly compared the experiences of people with physical disabilities and those with mental disabilities. Not only are both conditions likely perceived as stigmatizing, but the pervasive use of mobile technology may be one means by which people with disabilities can manage and understand their disability. Four hundred and eighty-seven individuals with physical and/or psychological disabilities completed a survey examining whether they would be willing to use mobile technology to manage their disability and how stigmatizing they perceived their disability to be. Willingness to use mobile technology was related to the age of the sample as well as the type of disability. Individuals with psychological disabilities were more likely to use certain forms of mobile technology relative to those with physical disabilities. Observed differences between physical and psychological disabilities are discussed in terms of the symbolic interaction stigma model. 相似文献
716.
The question of how to create benign organisational cultures in health care is a topic of particular concern in the UK at the present time. The current study aimed to further understanding of complex health care cultures in the National Health Service (NHS), with a focus on an acute adult in-patient psychiatric ward. The psychoanalytic observational method was used for this purpose. The first author conducted six-hour long observation sessions on the ward at weekly intervals, writing detailed process recordings after each observation to take to a supervision group for discussion. The six presentations of observational material and the responses of the supervision group were audiotaped and transcribed. These data were then analysed thematically. The picture that emerged was of a fragile ward environment in which staff appeared fearful of engagement with patients, there was a sense of confusion regarding roles and decision-making processes, and the nursing team felt burdened by responsibility, isolated and anxious about criticism from outside. Contemporary developments within the social defence paradigm are applied to these findings in the context of the intense pressures currently facing staff in the NHS. 相似文献
717.
Catherine Gunzenhauser Antje von Suchodoletz Megan M. McClelland 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2017,14(4):489-497
The frequency of using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies to regulate emotions has been associated with social-emotional adjustment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Parent-Rating Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (P-ERQ), a parent-rating version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in children aged five to six years. Children from Germany (N = 112) and the U.S. (N = 59) participated. Confirmatory factor analyses of P-ERQ data from Germany indicated a two-factor structure that closely reflected the factor structure of the adult ERQ with adequate scale reliabilities. Correlations with a measure of coping strategies supported the convergent validity of the P-ERQ. Cross-country measurement invariance analyses between samples from Germany and the U.S. suggested partial scalar invariance for the cognitive reappraisal subscale and metric invariance for the expressive suppression subscale. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the P-ERQ can be recommended for use in developmental research. 相似文献
718.
John Torous Michael E. Levin David K. Ahern Megan L. Oser 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2017,24(2):215-225
Objective
To review the current literature for evidence regarding the feasibility and efficacy of smartphone-based cognitive-behavioral intervention mobile applications, compare such to the number of applications on the commercial marketplaces, and explore potential steps forward for research in the field.Methods
A literature search was conducted for papers published before February 2015 featuring quantitative results on clinical outcomes regarding the use of a smartphone for cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, behavioral activation, and acceptance and commitment therapy. A search for the number of related applications available to consumers on the Apple and Google Play commercial marketplaces was also conducted.Results
Nine studies, described in 11 articles, were identified that featured the use of smartphones in cognitive-behavioral interventions. The majority of studies presented pilot results suggesting the potential feasibility/efficacy of such apps. Four hundred and forty-seven related applications were found to be available on the commercial marketplaces.Conclusions
The research base for smartphone-based cognitive-behavioral intervention mobile applications is preliminary at this point although results are encouraging. There is a discrepancy between the published literature and commercial applications available to consumers. We suggest potential steps forward in research to advance clinical use and research on this topic. 相似文献719.
Alejandra Morales Picard Lauren Hogan Megan L. Lambert Anna Wilkinson Amanda M. Seed Katie E. Slocombe 《Animal cognition》2017,20(2):285-298
While social learning has been demonstrated in species across many taxa, the role it plays in everyday foraging decisions is not well understood. Investigating social learning during foraging could shed light on the emergence of cultural variation in different groups. We used an open diffusion experiment to examine the spread of a novel foraging technique in captive Amazon parrots. Three groups were tested using a two-action foraging box, including experimental groups exposed to demonstrators using different techniques and control birds. We also examined the influence of agonistic and pilfering behaviour on task acquisition. We found evidence of social learning: more experimental birds than control birds interacted with and opened the box. The birds were, however, no more likely to use the demonstrated technique than the non-demonstrated one, making local or stimulus enhancement the most likely mechanism. Exhibiting aggression was positively correlated with box opening, whilst receiving aggression did not reduce motivation to engage with the box, indicating that willingness to defend access to the box was important in task acquisition. Pilfering food and success in opening the box were also positively correlated; however, having food pilfered did not affect victims’ motivation to interact with the box. In a group context, pilfering may promote learning of new foraging opportunities. Although previous studies have demonstrated that psittacines are capable of imitation, in this naturalistic set-up there was no evidence that parrots copied the demonstrated opening technique. Foraging behaviour in wild populations of Amazons could therefore be facilitated by low-fidelity social learning mechanisms. 相似文献
720.