家庭微系统对幼儿心理理论的影响:因素、过程和机制

基于国内外家庭对幼儿心理理论影响的研究,可将家庭微系统分成三个子系统:家庭基本环境子系统(包含家庭社会经济地位和兄弟姐妹数量类型)、父母与儿童互动子系统(包含依恋类型、教养方式、情绪表达和亲子游戏)和兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统(包含合作冲突和假装游戏)。家庭微系统对幼儿心理理论的影响机制模型可假设为:家庭基本环境子系统中家庭社会经济地位影响着父母与儿童互动子系统,兄弟姐妹数量类型影响着兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统。父母与儿童互动子系统、兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统中的各变量均通过心理状态术语使用这一中介变量进而影响儿童心理理论的发展。该模型需要实证研究加以进一步验证。     

Cascading influences on the production of speech: evidence from articulation

Recent investigations have supported the suggestion that phonological speech errors may reflect the simultaneous activation of more than one phonemic representation. This presents a challenge for speech error evidence which is based on the assumption of well-formedness, because we may continue to perceive well-formed errors, even when they are not produced. To address this issue, we present two tongue-twister experiments in which the articulation of onset consonants is quantified and compared to baseline measures from cases where there is no phonemic competition. We report three measure of articulatory variability: changes in tongue-to-palate contact using electropalatography (EPG, Experiment 1), changes in midsagittal spline of the tongue using ultrasound (Experiment 2), and acoustic changes manifested as voice-onset time (VOT). These three sources provide converging evidence that articulatory variability increases when competing onsets differ by one phonological feature, but the increase is attenuated when onsets differ by two features. This finding provides clear evidence, based solely on production, that the articulation of phonemes is influenced by cascading activation from the speech plan.     

Examining normative pressure in the theory of planned behaviour: Impact of gender and passengers on intentions to break the speed limit

This research examined the impact of passenger-type on young people’s responses to a driving scenario about speeding. In the scenarios, the presence, and gender of the passenger were systematically varied. A total of 162 respondents (83 females, 79 males) completed questionnaires containing measures from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and additional variables after reading each of two scenarios. The TPB provided good predictions of intention to speed (45% explained variance) with all TPB variables plus moral norms and past behaviour significant. Males compared to females reported significantly greater normative pressure to speed, less control over not speeding, and less moral norms not to speed. Normative pressure was a stronger predictor of intentions for men compared to women when driving alone. Normative pressure was a stronger predictor of intentions when the passenger was male.     

情境模型中的时间表征研究

阅读理解中情境模型的建构是当今阅读研究的热点 ,自Zwaan等人提出事件标记模型理论以来 ,很多研究者对影响情境模型建构的空间维度进行了深入的研究 ,尽管对情境模型中时间维度的研究相对缺乏 ,但仍得出了一些有价值的研究成果。本文对情境模型中时间表征的理论假设、实验研究、技术手段及主要研究结论作了介绍和评析 ,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

样例和问题的联结方式对迁移作用的实验研究

研究了样例和问题的联结方式对学习迁移的影响。实验 1探讨了渐减提示法对学习迁移的作用 ;实验 2进一步检验了渐减提示法对诱发学习者进行自我解释的作用 ;实验 3探讨了“渐减提示 +子目标”这种联结样例和问题的方式对迁移的效果。进行重复测量设计的方差分析 ,实验结果表明 :渐减提示法是动态的联结样例和问题解决的有效形式 ,符合认知技能获得的四阶段模型和建构主义学习观的基本要求 ;渐减提示法有助于促进学习者对样例问题进行高质量的自我解释和产生心理预期 ;用“渐减提示 +子目标引导”来联结样例和问题有助于减轻认知负荷 ,有助于产生高质量的自我解释 ,对原理图式的获得有着重要作用     

文本阅读过程中目标焦点的预期推理

探讨文本阅读过程中目标焦点是否引起即时的预期推理。采用移动窗口技术,让被试阅读16篇含有目标信息的记叙文。实验1和实验2探讨已进入长时记忆中的尚未实现的目标是否作为阅读的焦点对阅读目标行为进行预期推理。实验3探讨已经实现的目标是否作为阅读的焦点对阅读目标行为产生预期作用。实验结果表明,对目标的预期推理是可以即时发生的,在目标未实现的情况下,读者会对目标信息进行预期推理;在目标已经实现的情况下,读者对有关目标的信息不产生预期推理。     

Effects of amphetamine-CNS depressant combinations and of other CNS stimulants in four-choice drug discriminations

Three pigeons were trained to discriminate among 5 mg/kg pentobarbital, 2 mg/kg amphetamine, a combination of these two drugs at these doses, and saline using a four-choice procedure (amphetamine-pentobarbital group). Three other pigeons were trained to discriminate among 5 mg/kg morphine, 2 mg/kg methamphetamine, a combination of these two drugs at these doses, and saline (methamphetamine-morphine group). After 10 to 13 months of training, the pigeons averaged more than 90% of their responses on the appropriate key during training sessions. In subsequent testing, dose-response curves were determined for the individual drugs, for a wide range of dose combinations of the training drugs, and for two drugs to which the pigeons had not been exposed previously (pseudoephedrine and nicotine). After low test doses of the training drugs, pigeons responded on the saline key. As the dose increased, responding on the key associated with that drug during training sessions increased. When training drugs were combined at doses that were not discriminable when given alone, responding occurred on the saline key. When a discriminable dose of one training drug was combined with a nondiscriminable dose of the other training drug, responding occurred on the key associated with the discriminable dose. When both drugs were given at discriminable doses, responding almost always occurred on the drug-combination key. The response-rate decreasing effects of pentobarbital and amphetamine were mutually antagonized when the drugs were combined, but the rate-decreasing effects of morphine and methamphetamine were not. After low doses of pseudoephedrine and nicotine, pigeons in both groups responded on the saline key. After higher doses of pseudoephedrine and nicotine, responding in the amphetamine-pentobarbital group occurred primarily on the amphetamine key. In the methamphetamine-morphine group, higher doses of pseudoephedrine and especially nicotine engendered more responding on the combination key than had occurred in the other group. The four-choice procedure can reveal subtle effects in the discrimination of individual drugs and drug combinations that are not apparent with procedures offering fewer response alternatives.     

Temporal disruptions in the "accurate" speech of articulatory defective speakers and stutterers

Durational measures of vocalic steady states and transitions were made on phonetically accurate and fluently produced vowel-plosive, consonant-vowel bisyllables embedded in a carrier phrase. in the first experiment, these measures were taken from the speech of ten articulatory defective adult speakers and ten matched normal speakers. The second experiment analyzed durational measures in the speech of ten adult stutterers and ten matched nonstutterers. Using wideband spectrography, durational measurements were used to infer timing of articulatory movements during the subsegments of the VCV sequences. The results of both experiments suggest that the two groups of speech disordered subjects were able to produce transitional shifts appropriate to the phonetic environment but appeared to delay the initiation of coarticulatory movements. Aberrant speech timing may imply an involvement in the planning or integration of articulatory/coarticulatory movements rather than difficulty with movement execution per se.     

Drug discrimination under a concurrent fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule.

Pigeons were trained to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg pentobarbital from saline under a concurrent fixed-interval (FI) FI schedule of food presentation on which, after pentobarbital administration, responses on one key were reinforced with food under an FI 60-s component and responses on the other key were reinforced under an FI 240-s component. After saline administration, the schedule contingencies on the two keys were reversed. After both pentobarbital and saline, pigeons responded more frequently on the key on which responses had been programmed to produce the reinforcer under the FI 60 component of the concurrent schedule. The schedule was changed to concurrent FI 150 FI 150 s for drug-substitution tests. In each bird, increasing doses of pentobarbital, ethanol, and chlordiazepoxide produced increases in the proportion of responses on the key on which responses had been reinforced under the FI 60 component after pentobarbital administration during training sessions. The proportion of responses on that key was slightly lower for ethanol than for chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital. At a dose of pentobarbital higher than the training dose, responding decreased on the key that had been reinforced under the FI 60 component during training sessions. Phencyclidine produced less responding on the key programmed under the FI 60-s component than did pentobarbital. Methamphetamine produced responding primarily on the key on which responses had been reinforced under the FI 60-s component after saline administration.