A method for implantation of a chronically indwelling intravenous catheter in the pigeon

A procedure is described for infusing liquids directly into the bloodstream of freely moving unanesthetized pigeons. The system can be used for infusing drugs periodically or chronically for many months. Its potential for studying the stimulus properties of drugs, state dependent learning, drug self-administration, as well as the unconditioned responses to noncontingent intravenous drug administration in pigeons is discussed.     

Affective responses to non-sexual imagery depicting gay men and lesbian women

ABSTRACT

When examining negative attitudes and behaviors directed toward gay men and lesbian women (i.e., homonegativity), researchers tend to use measures that require participants to respond to belief statements. This methodology is problematic for two reasons: 1) it focuses on the social categories “gay men” and “lesbian women” and ignores the practices of relational intimacy engaged in by gay and lesbian persons (practices that, arguably, are at the crux of homonegativity); and 2) it overlooks the affective responses that sexual minorities evoke in heterosexual people. These issues were tackled in the current study. Specifically, heterosexual participants (N = 241) were asked to report their affective state using six basic emotions while viewing photos depicting male-male, female-female, and heterosexual couples. Findings demonstrated that participants, regardless of gender, reacted most negatively to images of female-female couples engaging in everyday intimacies. Theoretical explanations for these findings are explored.