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61.
We examined the relationships between sensitivity to three kinds of disgust (core, animal-reminder, and contamination) and personality traits, behavioral avoidance, physiological responding, and anxiety disorder symptoms. Study 1 revealed that these disgusts are particularly associated with neuroticism and behavioral inhibition. Moreover, the three disgusts showed a theoretically consistent pattern of relations on four disgust-relevant behavioral avoidance tasks in Study 2. Similar results were found in Study 3 such that core disgust was significantly related to increased physiological responding during exposure to vomit, while animal-reminder disgust was specifically related to physiological responding during exposure to blood. Lastly, Study 4 revealed that each of the three disgusts showed a different pattern of relations with fear of contamination, fear of animals, and fear of blood–injury relevant stimuli. These findings provide support for the convergent and divergent validity of core, animal-reminder, and contamination disgust. These findings also highlight the possibility that the three kinds of disgust may manifest as a function of different psychological mechanisms (i.e., oral incorporation, mortality defense, disease avoidance) that may give rise to different clinical conditions. However, empirical examination of the mechanisms that underlie the three disgusts will require further refinement of the psychometric properties of the disgust scale. 相似文献
62.
Hannah McKay Jim E. H. Bright Robert G. L. Pryor 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2005,42(3):98-112
Chaos career counseling, based on the Chaos Theory of Careers (R. G. L. Pryor & J. E. H. Bright, 2003a, 2003b), was compared with trait matching career counseling and a wait list control. Sixty university students who attended the Careers Research and Assessment Service seeking career advice were randomly assigned to the chaos intervention, the trait matching intervention, or a wait list control group. Both chaos and trait matching counseling had a positive impact; however, chaos counseling had a more lasting effect. Overall, results support using the chaos counseling approach as a valid alternative to trait matching approaches. Implications for counseling practice as well as future research are discussed. 相似文献
63.
Gender stereotypes have been implicated in sex-typed perceptions of facial emotion. Such interpretations were recently called into question because facial cues of emotion are confounded with sexually dimorphic facial cues. Here we examine the role of visual cues and gender stereotypes in perceptions of biological motion displays, thus overcoming the morphological confounding inherent in facial displays. In four studies, participants’ judgments revealed gender stereotyping. Observers accurately perceived emotion from biological motion displays (Study 1), and this affected sex categorizations. Angry displays were overwhelmingly judged to be men; sad displays were judged to be women (Studies 2–4). Moreover, this pattern remained strong when stimuli were equated for velocity (Study 3). We argue that these results were obtained because perceivers applied gender stereotypes of emotion to infer sex category (Study 4). Implications for both vision sciences and social psychology are discussed. 相似文献
64.
Anne E Storey Krista M Delahunty Donald W McKay Carolyn J Walsh Sabina I Wilhelm 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2006,60(3):237-245
We present an overview of research on how social experiences and hormonal responses affect individual variation in parental care of birds and mammals. The parental roles of prolactin and glucorticoids (corticosterone or cortisol) have many similarities in birds and in mammals. Prolactin may be involved in the initiation of parental interactions, with prolactin variation possibly explaining individual differences in parental decision-making. Glucocorticoid levels increase when parents have to work harder, with some individuals showing greater hormonal and behavioural responses than others. Testosterone interferes with paternal behaviour in birds, but its role is more complex and species-specific in male mammals. We examine these differences in an adaptive framework, where retaining flexibility of response has allowed individuals to respond differentially to social opportunities and environmental change. 相似文献
65.
Christopher M. Kavanagh Jonathan Jong Ryan McKay Harvey Whitehouse 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(3):461-481
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 605 practitioners of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) to test the hypothesis that high arousal rituals promote social cohesion, primarily through identity fusion. BJJ promotion rituals are rare, highly emotional ritual events that often feature gruelling belt-whipping gauntlets. We used the variation in such experiences to examine whether more gruelling rituals were associated with identity fusion and pro-group behaviour. We found no differences between those who had undergone belt-whipping and those who had not and no evidence of a correlation between pain and social cohesion. However, across the full sample we found that positive, but not negative, affective experiences of promotional rituals were associated with identity fusion and that this mediated pro-group action. These findings provide new evidence concerning the social functions of collective rituals and highlight the importance of addressing the potentially diverging subjective experiences of painful rituals. 相似文献
66.
67.
Diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) are diverse, covering a broad range of symptoms. One criterion, self-mutilation, is a behavioral excess that may be considered a predictor of other psychopathological states. The present study sought to determine the extent to which two groups of BPD patients, those who mutilate and those who do not, differed on measures of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Results indicate that the only source of significant variation was the level of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, with mutilators exhibiting greater symptomatology. The findings from this study support the idea that self-mutilation is a more severe form of psychopathology relative to the rest of the BPD population. These results are interpreted based on the affect regulation model of self-mutilation, and contrasted with contemporary models of impulse control in relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder. 相似文献
68.
Overvalued ideas have been theoretically implicated in treatment failure for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Until recently, there have not been valid assessments for determining severity of overvalued ideas. One recent scale, the Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS; Neziroglu, McKay, Yaryura-Tobias, Stevens & Todaro, 1999, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 881-902) has been found to validly measure overvalued ideas. However, its predictive utility has not been determined. Two studies were conducted to examine the extent to which the OVIS predicts treatment response. Study 1 examined the response to behavioral therapy in a group of participants diagnosed with OCD. Residual gain scores showed a significant correlation between treatment outcome for compulsions and pretreatment OVIS scores (28.1% variance accounted). Pretreatment OVIS scores were not significantly correlated with residual gains in obsessions (1.7% variance accounted). The predictive utility of the OVIS was superior to a single item assessment of overvalued ideas available on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Scale in predicting outcome for compulsions. For this item, the variance accounted for compulsions was 6.3% and for obsessions was 3.9%. Study 2 examined the response to behavioral therapy in a group of participants diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a condition ostensibly linked to OCD and presumed to present with higher levels of overvalued ideas. Residual gains scores showed a significant relationship between obsessions and OVIS (accounting for 34.8% of the variance), but not for compulsions (10.2% variance accounted). As in Study 1, the predictive utility of the OVIS was superior to the single item assessment (with 0.2% variance accounted for compulsions, 2.4% variance accounted for obsessions). Taken together, the studies reported here show that this OVIS is predictive of treatment outcome, and the predictive value depends on which symptoms are used to assess outcome. Further, the scale is more effective in predicting outcome than a widely used single item assessment. 相似文献
69.
Young and colleagues (e.g. Young, A. W., & Leafhead, K. M. (1996). Betwixt life and death: case studies of the Cotard delusion. In P. W. Halligan & J. C. Marshall (Eds.), Method in madness: Case studies in cognitive neuropsychiatry. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.) have suggested that cases of the Cotard delusion (the belief that one is dead) result when a particular perceptual anomaly (caused by a disruption to the affective component of visual recognition) occurs in the context of an internalising attributional style. This hypothesis has not previously been tested directly. We report here an investigation of attributional style in a 24-year-old woman with Cotard delusion ("LU"). LU's attributional style (and that of ten healthy control participants) was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire (Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996). A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 261-264.). LU showed a significantly greater proportion of internalising attributions than the control group, both overall and for negative events specifically. The results obtained thus support an association of Cotard delusion with an internalising attributional style, and are therefore consistent with the account of Young and colleagues. The potential brain basis of Cotard delusion is discussed. 相似文献
70.
Engaging the aging workforce: the relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Business publications and the popular press have stressed the importance of creating conditions for meaningful employee expression in work roles, also known as engagement. Few empirical studies, however, have examined how individual or situational factors relate to engagement. Consequently, this study examines the interplay between employee age, perceived coworker age composition, and satisfaction with older (older than 55) and younger (younger than 40) coworkers on engagement using a sample of 901 individuals employed in the United Kingdom. Results indicated that satisfaction with one's coworkers related significantly to engagement. Moreover, perceived age similarity was associated with higher levels of engagement among older workers when they were highly satisfied with their coworkers over 55 and lower levels of engagement when they were not. 相似文献