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151.
There has been a great deal of debate over the influence of Barbie dolls on girls' developing self-concept and body image. Two qualitative studies were conducted to gather information about early adolescents' experiences with, and perspectives on, the controversial toy. In Study 1, focus groups with twenty 6th-grade girls suggested that they have ambiguous feelings toward the doll and the feminine sexualized image it represents. Study 2 gathered essay responses from fifty 7th- and 8th-grade boys and girls regarding their experiences with, and opinions on, Barbie dolls. Participants reported both positive and negative feelings toward the doll and its influence on girls' development. 相似文献
152.
On the basis of recent evidence for the preplanning of refixation saccades in reading-like tasks (e.g., Beauvillain, Vergilino, & Dukic, 2000), we proposed that for a proportion of words refixated during natural reading, the refixation sequence is planned before the word is fixated, and that the saccade target for these cases is near the beginning of the word. The preferred viewing location (PVL) phenomenon can then be explained as a mixture of two populations of planned saccades: those that initiate a multiple-fixation sequence and single fixations. This account supplants saccadic undershooting as the primary determinant of the PVL. We used a corpus of eye movement data to show that the probability of refixation is strongly correlated with the estimated perceptibility of the target word from the current fixation location, and that the observed (re-)fixation behavior is justified when assessed in terms of a lexical uncertainty measure. Refixations may be preplanned in order to increase the chances of successful word identification. 相似文献
153.
Pamela A. McDonald 《Child neuropsychology》2018,24(8):1047-1062
An age-matched achievement-matched design was used to examine whether the executive functioning and working memory impairments exhibited by children with severe difficulties in arithmetic (SDA) are better viewed as developmental lags or as cognitive deficits. Three groups of children were included: 20 SDA children, 20 typically achieving children (CM) matched in chronological age with the SDA children, and 20 younger typically achieving children (AM) matched in achievement with the SDA group. While children with SDA did not exhibit impairments in color-word inhibition and verbal working memory, they did demonstrate impairments in shifting, quantity-digits inhibition, and visuospatial working memory. As children with SDA did not perform more poorly than their AM counterparts on any of these tasks, impairments in specific areas of executive functioning and working memory appear to reflect developmental lags rather than cognitive deficits. 相似文献
154.
Interspersing easy problems among challenging problems has been shown to both increase students’ preference for completing
math worksheets and the fluency with which they complete challenging problems. Although early research examining the interspersal
procedure in mathematics was conducted with college-age students, there are a growing number of studies utilizing the interspersal
procedure in elementary and secondary school settings. A particular concern with existing research however is whether the
beneficial effects are maintained across multiple sessions and whether effects generalize when implemented with large groups
of students. The current study addressed this concern by administering both control and interspersal math worksheets consisting
of instructionally relevant problems to 75 fourth grade students across four sessions. Because students’ instructional levels
differed, analyses were conducted separately for students identified as fluent and less fluent based upon student performance
on the control worksheet administered during session 1. Dependent measures included digits correct and problems correct as
well as students’ responses to four preference questions following each session. Although results differ from previous research
in that students completed significantly more digits correct on control worksheets, explanations of these differences are
examined and implications are discussed. 相似文献
155.
Links between behavioral regulation and preschoolers' literacy, vocabulary, and math skills 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
McClelland MM Cameron CE Connor CM Farris CL Jewkes AM Morrison FJ 《Developmental psychology》2007,43(4):947-959
This study investigated predictive relations between preschoolers' (N=310) behavioral regulation and emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills. Behavioral regulation was assessed using a direct measure called the Head-to-Toes Task, which taps inhibitory control, attention, and working memory, and requires children to perform the opposite of what is instructed verbally. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized because children were nested in 54 classrooms at 2 geographical sites. Results revealed that behavioral regulation significantly and positively predicted fall and spring emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills on the Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement (all ps<.05). Moreover, growth in behavioral regulation predicted growth in emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills over the prekindergarten year (all ps<.05), after controlling for site, child gender, and other background variables. Discussion focuses on the role of behavioral regulation in early academic achievement and preparedness for kindergarten. 相似文献
156.
157.
This study explored the relationships between positive and negative schizotypy, convergent and divergent thinking, and autistic traits within the normal population. Seventy-seven students at Oxford University completed tasks to assess divergent and convergent thinking, and completed questionnaires to measure schizotypy and autistic tendencies. Evidence for relationships between negative schizotypy, autistic traits, and convergent thinking was found, but the expected association between positive schizotypy and divergent thinking was not replicated. These findings are discussed in the context of a cognitive inhibition theory of creativity. 相似文献
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