TIME RELATIONS IN DREAMS: A preliminary note

Examples are given of hypnotically induced dreams, which support the notion that series of experiences corresponding to long spans of objective time may be represented in dreams of very short duration. Both stimulus and organismic factors determine the contents of such dreams.     

Like and cross modality responses in normal and subnormal children

Experiments which investigated response behaviour in imbeciles and normals, in a conflict situation between a general verbal instruction and direct stimuli, were carried out. It was found that combined verbal-motor responses did not give better results than either verbal or motor responses alone. Results in accordance with the general instruction were significantly better if the subnormal children responded in a different modality from the one in which the signals were given. While normals and imbeciles differed markedly in their ability to perform the tasks in like-modality trials, this difference was less apparent in cross modality responses.     

Reasoning in the hooded rat

A problem situation was devised to test Deutsch's (1956) theory of reasoning. In this situation various problems can be set the rat and these problems admit of various equally rational solutions. Predictions from the theory were made, not only that the animals would solve the problems, but also which particular solution they would adopt. These predictions are confirmed. The rats were trained to run to two goal-boxes, one near, the other more distant. The near one had two paths of equal length leading to it, the more distant goal only one. After training, the animals chose the near goal-box on the first trial of the day. On the test trials the near goal-box was left empty, or the chosen path blocked, or a mesh placed across the goal-box, with the food accessible via the other short path.     

Aversive control of self-injurious behavior in a psychotic boy

Two studies are reported which indicate how quickly and effectively chronic self-injurious behavior was controlled in a 9-yr-old blind psychotic boy. In the first study, the self-injurious responses were punished by contingent withdrawal of human physical contact. In the second study, response-contingent electric shock was employed.