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171.
172.
Command hallucinations (CH) are a distressing and high-risk group of symptoms that have long been recognised but little understood, with few effective treatments. In this paper we report and discuss the efficacy of cognitive therapy (CT) modified in accordance with ‘social rank theory,’ in a single blind randomised controlled trial. 38 patients with command hallucinations were randomly allocated to CT or treatment as usual and followed up for 6 then 12 months. Large reductions in compliance behaviour were obtained (effect size = 0.97) favouring the CT group. Other significant differences were found and maintained at 6 months follow up. 相似文献
173.
Enlarging the Societal Pie Through Wise Legislation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jonathan Baron Max H. Bazerman Katherine Shonk 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2006,1(2):123-132
ABSTRACT— We offer a psychological perspective to explain the failure of governments to create near-Pareto improvements. Our tools for analyzing these failures reflect the difficulties people have trading small losses for large gains: the fixed-pie approach to negotiations, the omission bias and status quo bias, parochialism and dysfunctional competition, and the neglect of secondary effects. We examine the role of human judgment in the failure to find wise trade-offs by discussing diverse applications of citizen and government decision making, including AIDS treatment, organ-donation systems, endangered-species protection, subsidies, and free trade. Our overall goal is to offer a psychological approach for understanding suboptimality in government decision making. 相似文献
174.
Jennifer Willard Stephanie Madon Max Guyll Richard Spoth Lee Jussim 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(3):499-520
This research examined two issues relevant to self‐fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whether children's risk for alcohol use, as indicated by their self‐efficacy to refuse alcohol from peers, moderated their susceptibility to negative and positive self‐fulfilling prophecy effects created by their mothers. Second, it explored behavioral mediators that could be involved in the self‐fulfilling process between mothers and children. Longitudinal data from 540 mother–child dyads indicated that (1) low self‐efficacy children were more susceptible to their mothers' positive than negative self‐fulfilling effects, whereas high self‐efficacy children's susceptibility did not vary, (2) mothers' global parenting and children's perception of their friends' alcohol use partially mediated mothers' self‐fulfilling effects, and (3) these mediators contributed to low self‐efficacy children's greater susceptibility to positive self‐fulfilling prophecy effects. The power of self‐fulfilling prophecies, their link to social problems, and the potential for mothers' favorable beliefs to have a protective influence on adolescent alcohol use are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
175.
Katherine L. Milkman Todd Rogers Max H. Bazerman 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2008,3(4):324-338
ABSTRACT— Although observers of human behavior have long been aware that people regularly struggle with internal conflict when deciding whether to behave responsibly or indulge in impulsivity, psychologists and economists did not begin to empirically investigate this type of want/should conflict until recently. In this article, we review and synthesize the latest research on want/should conflict, focusing our attention on the findings from an empirical literature on the topic that has blossomed over the last 15 years. We then turn to a discussion of how individuals and policy makers can use what has been learned about want/should conflict to help decision makers select far-sighted options. 相似文献
176.
177.
We offer a study revealing the mechanisms through which communication helps actual bargaining behavior outperform economic predictions. The possibility of individually strategic behavior in the presence of private information leads to game‐theoretic predictions of less than full efficiency. We present a one‐stage, simultaneous offers bargaining game in which buyers and sellers have independent, privately held valuations for the item being sold (i.e. a bilateral auction with two‐sided private information). In three communication treatments, parties are: (a) allowed face‐to‐face communication prior to submitting offers; (b) allowed written communication prior to submitting offers; or (c) allowed no‐communication prior to submitting offers. When parties are allowed pre‐play communication, we find nearly full efficiency (98%). We examine two systematically predictable aspects of dyadic interaction—disclosure and reciprocity—to explain how negotiators achieve this efficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
178.
Jim Blascovich Mark D Seery Carrie A Mugridge R.Kyle Norris Max Weisbuch 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2004,40(5):683-688
This study examined the relationship between pre-performance motivational states (challenge vs. threat) and subsequent performance in athletic competition. Prior to the season, college baseball and softball players imagined and gave a speech about a specific baseball/softball playing situation while cardiovascular indexes of challenge and threat were recorded. These physiological challenge/threat indexes significantly predicted athletic performance during the subsequent season, such that players who experienced challenge in the laboratory performed better relative to those who experienced threat. The implications for personnel selection and the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat are discussed. 相似文献
179.
Equal numbers of male and female participants judged which of seven facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality,
sadness, and surprise) were displayed by a set of 336 faces, and we measured both accuracy and response times. In addition,
the participants rated how well the expression was displayed (i.e., the intensity of the expression). These three measures
are reported for each face. Sex of the rater did not interact with any of the three measures. However, analyses revealed that
some expressions were recognized more accurately in female than in male faces. The full set of these norms may be downloaded
fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
180.
Marie-Pierre Bruyas Corinne Brusque Sandrine Debailleux Max Duraz Isabelle Aillerie 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2009,12(1):12-20
Mobile phone use at the wheel has a proven negative impact on driving. This paper aims to assess whether using an answerphone instead of a normal phone reduces this negative impact. The answerphone makes communication asynchronous and splits it into three disconnected and successive phases: interaction with the voice interface, listening to the message and answering, which have been evaluated separately.The experiment was conducted on a fixed base simulator, with 30 participants (half male and female, aged from 18 to 50 years, driving at least 5000 km per year).The results show better scores for correct responses to stimuli for answerphone communications than for phone communications, although response times were higher in both communication conditions than in the driving alone condition. When the three phases of answerphone use were compared, interacting with the answerphone and listening to the message were found to be significantly less disturbing than answering, in terms of correct responses and response times.By making the conversation asynchronous, the answerphone avoids direct interaction between driver and caller. The fact that communication is under the driver’s control allows him/her to pace the interaction better. Lastly, splitting up the conversation into different phases decreases the overall task difficulty. 相似文献