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151.
This research examined whether mothers' and fathers' beliefs about their children's alcohol use had cumulative self-fulfilling effects on their children's future drinking behavior. Analyses of longitudinal data acquired from 115 seventh-grade children and their mothers and fathers were consistent with synergistic accumulation effects for negative beliefs: Parents' beliefs predicted the greatest degree of confirmatory behavior from children when both mothers and fathers overestimated their children's alcohol use. Results did not support synergistic accumulation effects for positive beliefs: Children's predicted future alcohol use was similar regardless of whether one parent or both underestimated their child's alcohol use. These findings suggest that the generally small self-fulfilling effects reported in the literature may underestimate the power of negative self-fulfilling prophecies to harm targets because studies have not taken into consideration the possibility that negative self-fulfilling prophecies may be more likely than positive ones to accumulate across multiple perceivers. 相似文献
152.
Words with irregular spelling-sound correspondences are read aloud more slowly than words with regular spelling-sound correspondences. This so-calledregularity effect is modulated by word frequency, with low-frequency words showing larger costs than do high-frequency words. Because French has more regular spelling-to-sound correspondences than English, we expected a different pattern in French than in English. This was indeed the case, since regularity effects were obtained for both high-and low-frequency words in French. We further showed that a French implementation of the dual-route cascaded model could not account for this pattern. In additional simulations, we investigated whether this failure was due to lexical processes being too fast (leaving little time for the nonlexical route to interfere) or nonlexical processes being too slow. The results showed that only speeding up the nonlexical route allowed the model to capture the data. This suggests that the delayed phonology assumption that characterizes nonlexical processing in the original model needs to be abandoned in a more regular orthography. 相似文献
153.
154.
Fons J. R. van de Vijver Michelle Helms-Lorenz Max J. A. Feltzer 《International journal of psychology》1999,34(3):149-162
Acculturative strategies and cognitive acculturation were studied among 118 Dutch migrant children (age: 7–12 years). Both an exploratory factor analysis and a Linear Logistic Test Model analysis provided evidence for the bipolar unidimensionality of Berry's four acculturation strategies; integration constituted one pole and assimilation, separation, and marginalization the other. Integration was by far the most popular strategy. Cognitive performance was measured by the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test, school report measures, and a computer-assisted choice reaction-time measure. A good fit was found for a structural model that postulated cognitive acculturation as the latent variable linking background measures (i.e. acculturation strategy, second language usage, age, and gender) to the cognitive measures. Relationships between background variables and cognitive performance were stronger in the first than in the second generation. Both older children and children who favour an integration strategy showed a higher degree of cognitive acculturation. 相似文献
155.
In the present study we examined the influence of manipulating the animacy of the sentential subject on the size of the syntactic priming effect induced by violation of subject–predicate gender agreement in Hebrew. The agreement violation delayed naming incongruent compared with congruent predicates. This priming effect was stronger when the sentential subject was an animate than an inanimate noun. Additional experiments revealed that: (1) the interaction between the priming effect and animacy of the subject could not be explained on the basis of differences in the phonological transparency of the gender inflection in the two groups of nouns, and (2) it was sensitive to the ratio of animate/inanimate conditions in a block. We suggest that the interaction between the processing of agreement and the effect of animacy is influenced by a controlled process of verifying the coherence of a currently identified word within a built-up context. 相似文献
156.
Scientific explanations arc subject to the occurrence of inconsistencies. To rule them out in many cases demands the construction
of new theories. As the examples of complementary explanations show, that may take a while. Furthermore, even if possible
in principle, it is not always reasonable to eliminate inconsistencies immediately, e.g., by bringing in a more sophisticated
formal language. After all, under some circumstances a provisional, not fully coherent explanation may be better than none.
In any case, we need a logically controlled approach to such inconsistencies. Modern logic provides the tools which are necessary
to solve this task. We will mention two alternative approaches.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
157.
The area of behavioral decision research—specifically, the work on heuristics and biases—has had a tremendous influence on
basic research, applied research, and application over the last 25 years. Its unique juxtaposition against economics has provided
important benefits, but at the cost of leaving it disconnected from too much of psychology. This paper explores an expanded
definition of behavioral decision research through the consideration of multiple levels of cognitive processing. Rather than
being limited to how decision makers depart from optimality, we offer a broader analysis of how decision makers define the
decision problem and link decisions to goals, as well as a more detailed focus on processes associated with implementing decisions. 相似文献
158.
159.
Max A. Freund 《Studia Logica》1994,53(3):351-360
We present a relative consistency proof for second order systemRRC* and for certain important extensions of this system. The proof proceeds as follows: we prove first the equiconsistency of the strongest of such extensions (viz., systemH RRC*+(/CP**)) with second order systemT
*
. Now, N. Cocchiarella has shown thatT
*
is relatively consistent to systemT*+Ext; clearly, it follows thatH RRC*+(/CP**) is relatively consistent toT*+E
xt. As an immediate consequence, the relative consistency ofRRC* and the other extensions also follows, being all of them subsystems ofH RRC*+(/CP**).I am grateful to the referee for some modifications suggested to an earlier draft of this paper.Presented byMelvin Fitting 相似文献
160.
Max Hocutt 《Philosophia》1994,24(1-2):203-210