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91.
Marco Salvati Nicola Carone Valeria De Cristofaro Mauro Giacomantonio Roberto Baiocco 《International journal of psychology》2020,55(4):543-552
The present study aimed at investigating whether the effects of intergroup contact on support for discriminatory behaviours against immigrants was mediated by perceived threat from immigrants and positive beliefs toward immigrants. Using data from the Italian national survey on “Discrimination by Gender, Sexual Orientation and Ethnic Origin,” which followed a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling procedure, a representative sample of 5509 Italian residents (53.4% women), aged 18 to 74 years, participated. Findings showed that contact with immigrants was negatively related to perceived threat, and positively related to positive beliefs toward immigrants. Mediational analysis conducted by structural equation modelling, indicated that support for discriminatory behaviours was positively associated with perceived threat, and negatively associated with positive beliefs toward immigrants. Both variables together mediated the relationship between contact with immigrants and support for discriminatory behaviours against immigrants; individually, indirect relationships were also significant. To promote interaction between natives and immigrants by reducing the perceived threat and strengthening positive beliefs toward immigrants might lessen support for discriminatory behaviours against immigrants. 相似文献
92.
Research into the self-concept has shown that self-knowledge is affected by factors such as trait desirability, trait vagueness, and self-variability. Among these, social desirability appears to play a prominent role. In a multidimensional view of the self, however, several studies indicate that in special conditions people show adequate self-knowledge in specific personality dimensions. The present study tests this with respect to extraversion and anxiety predisposition on a sample of 160 late adolescents. The main results confirm the prominent influence of social desirability, but they also provide support for the hypothesis of the specificity of self-perception. Despite a common pattern, the effects of desirability appeared, to some extent, to be less strong for anxiety than for extraversion. Several possible interpretations of this finding are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
93.
94.
Mauro Turrini 《Human Studies》2012,35(1):1-25
In some circumstances, scientists of the same discipline visualize and view differently the same scientific object. The question
of representational difference, which has usually been connected to scientific revolutions or controversies, is framed here using the concept of “style,”
addressing the plurality of scientific traditions within a well-established scientific field. Using ethnomethodology we will
examine the divergences of representational practices that, beyond the apparent consensus of a scientific community, are present
throughout the procedure of chromosomes preparation. The ethnographic data was gathered through participant observation and
in-depth interviews in several Italian clinical cytogenetic laboratories. The concept of style emerges through the examination
of the two alternate, and sometimes conflicting, ways of configuring the complex texture of practice, instrumental mediation,
epistemic virtues, and expertise involved in scientific representation of chromosomes. Resonating with the recent debate on
objectivity, it tries to articulate the concept of “epistemic virtue” outside an internalised scientific self through an aesthetic,
analytical, instrumental, and ontological preferences in the current manners to produce and see the same research object. 相似文献
95.
96.
This paper offers a critical assessment of the current state of the debate about the identity and individuality of material objects. Its main aim, in particular, is to show that, in a sense to be carefully specified, the opposition between the Leibnizian ‘reductionist’ tradition, based on discernibility, and the sort of ‘primitivism’ that denies that facts of identity and individuality must be analysable has become outdated. In particular, it is argued that—contrary to a widespread consensus—‘naturalised’ metaphysics supports both the acceptability of non-qualitatively grounded (both ‘contextual’ and intrinsic) identity and a pluralistic approach to individuality and individuation. A case study is offered that focuses on non-relativistic quantum mechanics, in the context of which primitivism about identity and individuality, rather than being regarded as unscientific, is on the contrary suggested to be preferable to the complicated forms of reductionism that have recently been proposed. More generally, by assuming a plausible form of anti-reductionism about scientific theories and domains, it is claimed that science can be regarded as compatible with, or even as suggesting, the existence of a series of equally plausible grades of individuality. The kind of individuality that prevails in a certain context and at a given level can be ascertained only on the basis of the specific scientific theory at hand. 相似文献
97.
98.
Fonzi Laura Pallagrosi Jacopo Picardi Angelo Biondi Massimo Pallagrosi Mauro 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2022,21(1):107-119
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences - 相似文献
99.
From the seventies onward a large quantity of theoretical and empirical studies have investigated the heuristic principles and cognitive strategies that individuals use to deal with risky and uncertain situations. This research has shown how the explicative and predictive shortcomings of normative risk analysis depend in many respects on undervaluing the continuous interaction between the individual and the environment. There are factors that, day by day, represent significant obstacles to decision making. 相似文献
100.
Mace FC McComas JJ Mauro BC Progar PR Taylor B Ervin R Zangrillo AN 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2010,93(3):349-367
Basic research with pigeons on behavioral momentum suggests that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) can increase the resistance of target behavior to change. This finding suggests that clinical applications of DRA may inadvertently increase the persistence of target behavior even as it decreases its frequency. We conducted three coordinated experiments to test whether DRA has persistence-strengthening effects on clinically significant target behavior and then tested the effectiveness of a possible solution to this problem in both a nonhuman and clinical study. Experiment 1 compared resistance to extinction following baseline rates of reinforcement versus higher DRA rates of reinforcement in a clinical study. Resistance to extinction was substantially greater following DRA. Experiment 2 tested a rat model of a possible solution to this problem. Training an alternative response in a context without reinforcement of the target response circumvented the persistence-strengthening effects of DRA. Experiment 3 translated the rat model into a novel clinical application of DRA. Training an alternative response with DRA in a separate context resulted in lower resistance to extinction than employing DRA in the context correlated with reinforcement of target behavior. The value of coordinated bidirectional translational research is discussed. 相似文献