Counterfactual thinking in mock juror assessments of negligence: A preliminary investigation

This Research Report presents an initial attempt to apply the theory of counterfactual thinking to study the cognitive processes that underlie judgments of negligence. Subjects reviewed a summary of an appellate case involving a work accident and listed all the ways in which the accident could have been undone (mutated). Participants' evaluations of the defendant's behavior were influenced by the ease of mutation of the negligent act and other mutations of the defendant's behavior, but not by the number of mutations of the plaintiffs conduct. Exploratory path analysis suggested that counterfactual thinking may have its greatest impact not as a direct influence on verdicts and damages, but rather as an indirect influence impacting verdicts through lower level judgments about the normality of the defendant's behavior and the standard of care. The results also suggest that contrary to the law, subjects base their negligence verdicts on assessments of normal care along with due care.     

繁殖笼内川金丝猴社群结构的研究

记录了繁殖笼内川金猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)成员之间发生的攻击和屈服行为的指向和次数,采用计算优势指数的方法,对数据进行统计和分析。通过优势指数的排列,以及与之有关事件的分析,结果表明繁殖笼内川金丝猴成员之间存在优势等级关系,但不是简单的线性排列;成员之间存在着有弹性的,有回旋余地的,复杂的社会网。     

The influence of event-time (vs. clock-time) scheduling style on satiation

Consumers often need to schedule different activities. While consumers who adopt a clock-time scheduling style decide when to transition from one activity to the next according to external temporal cues (e.g., clock), those who adopt an event-time scheduling style tend to perform each activity until they feel internally that it is completed. This research showed that consumers' scheduling style (clock-time vs. event-time) could influence their satiation with repeated consumption. Four studies involving actual consumption across various domains (e.g., music, artwork, food) demonstrated that an event-time scheduling style leads to more rapid satiation with repeated consumption than a clock-time scheduling style because event-timers (vs. clock-timers) have higher private self-focus. The results further revealed that the satiation effect of scheduling style is mitigated when consumers are distracted from their private self or informed of additional sensitization cues in the consumption stimuli.     

标签位置和内容对女性网购影响的眼动研究

本研究参照广告效果评估的研究方法,考察标签位置（上,下）和标签内容（新款, 秒杀, 热销）对35名女性被试浏览网店服装图片过程中眼动特征以及主观购买意愿的影响。早期眼动指标（首次注视时间）和晚期眼动指标（注视时间比和注视次数比）均表明,标签位置受到标签内容的调节;晚期眼动指标（注视时间比和注视次数比）表明,标签内容也受到标签位置的调节。主观购买意愿表明,标签内容为新款和热销时,被试购买意愿显著高于秒杀情况。以上结果说明在浏览网店服装时,服装标签内容和标签位置共同调节女性被试对服装图片的加工过程,但调节方式在加工早期和加工晚期并不完全相同。     

儿童情绪表情识别的眼睛线索之发展研究

眼睛是人类识别和表达心理状态的重要脸部部位之一。本研究的目的在于考察较小的儿童能否把眼睛部位作为识别情绪表情的重要线索。共159名幼儿园和小学低年级的儿童,完成整个脸部．单独眼睛和单独嘴巴部位的情绪表情识别任务。结果发现较小的儿童通过眼睛线索识别情绪表情与通过脸部识别情绪表情的成绩同样好。最后从眼睛在心理状态识别中作用的角度进行了讨论。     

儿童欺骗的情境依赖

采用竞争游戏的方式研究3～6岁儿童在外显和隐蔽情境里的欺骗。结果表明4、5岁儿童行为上的隐蔽欺骗和错误信念理解显著相关;3岁儿童语言上的外显欺骗（说谎）和错误信念理解显著相关;各年龄段儿童行为上的外显欺骗和错误信念理解没有显著相关。和Cartson（1998）的研究结果不一致的是,本研究中4、5、6岁儿童的隐蔽欺骗人数显著超过外显欺骗人数。结果提示,语言上的外显欺骗（说谎）不仅和儿童的执行功能有关,还可能和欺骗时的情境压力有关。     

虚拟场景中的信息类型对路径整合效率的影响

空间巡航中常采用路径整合进行位置追踪及方向更新,本研究利用返回起点任务,通过对虚拟场景中不同信息类型的设置,探讨地标、纹理、双线索（地标+纹理）及纯色条件下路径整合效率的差异。结果发现,除角度误差外,双线索条件下路径整合效率显著较高,其次是地标条件,纹理条件次之,纯色条件下表现最差。结果表明,不同信息类型下路径整合效率存在显著差异,且双视觉信息较单一视觉信息条件下的整合效率更优。     

纳西族和汉族儿童情绪理解能力的发展

选取3～5岁的纳西族儿童107人,3～5岁的汉族儿童90人,使用情绪理解任务系统地考察了他们情绪理解的发展,同时还测量了两个民族儿童的错误信念理解和语言能力。结果表明,两个民族儿童情绪理解能力具有相似的发展规律,但完成各任务的成绩有显著差异,提示了两个民族儿童情绪理解能力发展的不同步性。研究还发现,心理理论社会知觉成分与认知成分随年龄的增长相互促进和相互制约,并且都与语言能力有关。     

类比迁移研究及其应用

类比迁移是目前研究广泛的一种迁移。本文试图通过对类比迁移的研究,以期对我们学习新知识和技能,解决新问题以及为教育改革和教育产业化有所借鉴。     

College Student Samples Are Not Always Equivalent: The Magnitude of Personality Differences Across Colleges and Universities

This research examined the magnitude of personality differences across different colleges and universities to understand (a) how much students at different colleges vary from one another and (b) whether there are site‐level variables that can explain observed differences. Nearly 8,600 students at 30 colleges and universities completed a Big Five personality trait measure. Site‐level information was obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education System database (U.S. Department of Education). Multilevel models revealed that each of the Big Five traits showed significant between‐site variability, even after accounting for individual‐level demographic differences. Some site‐level variables (e.g., enrollment size, requiring letters of recommendation) explained between‐site differences in traits, but many tests were not statistically significant. Student samples at different universities differed in terms of average levels of Big Five personality domains. This raises the possibility that personality differences may explain differences in research results obtained when studying students at different colleges and universities. Furthermore, results suggest that research that compares findings for only a few sites (e.g., much cross‐cultural research) runs the risk of overgeneralizing differences between specific samples to broader group differences. These results underscore the value of multisite collaborative research efforts to enhance psychological research.