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131.
Maurice Natanson 《Human Studies》1998,21(1):1-12
Aron Gurwitsch's critique of Schutz's essay The Stranger is the starting point for this consideration of Schutz's relationship with phenomenology. This relationship is based on Schutz's emphasis on the value of the average as a phenomenological structure. In opposing sociology to philosophy, Gurwitsch takes this value as inferior in comparison with what he sees as cardinal issues of transcendental phenomenology. What Gurwitsch finds incompatible with phenomenological inquiry – the idea and practice of the natural attitude within the social sphere – Schutz turns into the core of his philosophy. The phenomenology of the natural attitude is as essentially philosophical as any reflectively practiced human science. The problem of how everydayness is constituted requires a phenomenological insight that leads the explorer – through reconstructing the meaning in terms of the mundane – straight to the origin. 相似文献
132.
In this study, changes in movement coordination caused by fatigue that developed during repetitive lifting were examined. Five men performed 6 times a 5-min bout of lifting an 8-kg barbell at 15 lifts/min, using two lifting techniques; one minimized trunk rotation (squat lift), and the other minimized rotation in the knee joint (stoop lift). Kinematics and dynamics were studied by means of movement analysis and inverse dynamics, using a two-dimensional linked segment model. Within-subject variation over repetitive lifts of the time course of joint angles was smaller than between-subjects variation on the first analyzed lift. Relative timing between joint rotations did not change significantly across repetitive lifts, except between knee and hip in the squat lift. No change of the lumbosacral torque over repetitive lifts was found. The adaptability of the neural control appeared to be sufficient to accommodate the strong changes of the input-output characteristics of the muscles caused by fatigue so that an essentially constant performance of the movement act was maintained. 相似文献
133.
Maurice E. T. Swinnen Joseph V. Brady Marshall G. POWELL 《Behavior research methods》1968,1(5):184-184
A new apparatus has been developed for the simple, safe, and effective delivery of electric shock. It delivers a single-pulse high-voltage shock of very short duration. Both voltage and current are easily measured and the applied energy can be calculated. Constant energy applications depend less upon skin contact resistance than is the case with 600-V 60-Hz shockers. 相似文献
134.
Maurice A. Feldman Laurie Case Arnold Rincover Fay Towns Judith Betel 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1989,22(2):211-222
We evaluated the effects of a parent training program consisting of verbal instruction, modeling, and feedback on the affection and responsivity of 3 developmentally handicapped mothers towards their children. The results indicated the following: First, the training package increased maternal physical affection, praise, and imitation of child vocalizations. These parenting skills increased to levels found in comparison groups of nonhandicapped mothers. Second, the training package was more effective than verbal instruction alone, the latter being the predominant method presently used by social service workers. Third, most maternal gains were maintained over a 3- to 18-month follow-up period, although one mother required a reinforced maintenance procedure. Fourth, instructing mothers to generalize served to increase the generalization of newly acquired skills from play times (the training context) to child-care tasks (e.g., diapering, feeding). Fifth, teaching the parents to imitate child vocalizations was related to gains in both the frequency and quality of verbal behavior of the two language delayed children as measured by standardized developmental tests and in vivo comparisons with age-matched children (who had nonhandicapped parents). These results show that behavioral instruction can improve important child-rearing skills of developmentally handicapped mothers, with corresponding benefits to their children. 相似文献
135.
Maurice A. Finocchiaro 《Synthese》1985,62(3):429-454
The topic of history-of-science explanation is first briefly introduced as a generally important one for the light it may shed on action theory, on the logic of discovery, and on philosophy's relations with historiography of science, intellectual history, and the sociology of knowledge. Then some problems and some conclusions are formulated by reference to some recent relevant literature: a critical analysis of Laudan's views on the role of normative evaluations in rational explanations occasions the result that one must make aconceptual distinction between evaluations and explanations of belief, and that there are at leastthree subclasses of the latter, rational, critical, and theoretical; I then discuss the problem of whether explanations of discoveries are self-evidencing and predictive by focusing on views of Hempel and Nickles, and I attempt a formalization of some aspects of the problem. Finally, a more systematic and concrete analysis is undertaken by using as an example the explanation of Galileo's rejection of space-proportionality, and it is argued that the historical explanation of scientific beliefs is a type of logical analysis. 相似文献
136.
Hensley B Martin P Margrett JA MacDonald M Siegler IC Poon LW Jazwinski SM Green RC Gearing M Woodard JL Johnson MA Tenover JS Rodgers WL Hausman DB Rott C Davey A Arnold J 《The Journal of psychology》2012,146(1-2):173-188
Regarding the purpose of this study, the researchers analyzed the roles that both life events (life-time positive events and life-time negative events) and personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Trust, Competence, and Ideas) played in participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study. The researchers analyzed these variables to determine whether they predicted loneliness. Analyses indicated that life-time negative events significantly predicted loneliness. In essence, the higher was the number of life-time negative life events, the higher was the loneliness score. Moreover, Neuroticism, Competence, and Ideas were all significant predictors of loneliness. The higher was the level of Neuroticism and intellectual curiosity, the higher was the level of loneliness, whereas the lower was the level of Competence, the higher was the level of loneliness. In addition, both life-time positive and life-time negative life events were significant predictors of Neuroticism. The higher was the number of life-time positive events, the lower was the level of Neuroticism, and the higher was the number of life-time negative events, the greater was the level of Neuroticism. These results indicated that life-time negative events indirectly affect loneliness via Neuroticism. Last, our results indicated that the Competence facet mediated the relationship between lifetime negative life events and loneliness. Life-time negative life events significantly affected centenarians' perceived competence, and Competence in turn significantly affected the centenarians' loneliness. These results as a whole not only add to our understanding of the link between personality and loneliness, but also provide new insight into how life events predict loneliness. 相似文献
137.
138.
P. Klugkist K. Ratzke F. Faupel P.T Roche P. Fielitz V. Naundorf 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(10):827-836
In order to clarify the role of thermal defects in diffusion in metallic glasses, we have measured the temperature and pressure dependences of diffusion of Ni, a probe for Co, in relaxed and non-relaxed amorphous Co42Zr58 alloys by means of the tracer technique in combination with secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. For the relaxed state, the activation energy and the pre-factor are Q = (1:65=0:08) eV and D 0 = 2:4+3:9 10-6m2 s-1 respectively. The pressure - 1:9 dependence yields an activation volume V act = (0:66 0:15)Omega, with Omega being the average atomic volume of the alloy. This value is similar to activation volumes in crystalline materials and is indicative of diffusion via thermally generated defects. Unlike monovacancies in crystals, these defects appear to be spread out, judging from recent isotope-effect measurements. Comparison with literature data shows that the activation volume and hence the diffusion mechanism in metallic glasses clearly depend on the structure and composition even for the very same component. The activation volume in the as-quenched state was found to be ( ) 0:93 0:25 Omega. 相似文献
139.
The Panopticon Writings By Jeremy Bentham (Edited by Miran Bo?ovic, Verso, 1995. ISBN 1–85984–958‐X (hbk) £34.95. The Other Side of Language: A Philosophy of Listening By Gemma Corradi Fiumara, Routledge, 1995, Pp. 231. ISBN 0–415–04927‐X. £12.99. Foreign Bodies By Alphonso Lingis, Routledge, 1994, Pp. vii + 236. ISBN 0–415–90990–2. £45.00 (hbk), £15.99 (pbk) 相似文献
140.
Maurice Natanson 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):147-155
Alfred Schutz was the outstanding representative of the phenomenological approach to the philosophy and methodology of the social sciences. An attempt is made here to explore one fundamental feature of Schutz's work: his theory of typification. That theory is found to be a development of Husserl's doctrine of the intentionality of consciousness and is shown to be concerned with the structure of pre‐predicative experience as well as the process of abstraction and ideation as constitutive of the ‘natural standpoint’ of daily life. 相似文献