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131.
The field of psychology’s explication of anti-fat prejudice and its impact on psychological practice in the U.S. is reviewed. The medical perspective that obesity is itself a disease or a psychological disorder and that fat is the cause of various physical or mental health conditions is challenged and viewed as contributing to weight-based prejudice in the U.S. The role of psychology in educating students and future practitioners about anti-fat bias and research on the ineffectiveness of dieting is examined. Research documenting anti-fat bias in the diagnosis and treatment of fat female clients in the U.S. is reviewed, and potential solutions for eradicating anti-fat prejudice in the clinical practice of psychology, including alternatives to dieting for women, are described. 相似文献
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Otgaar H Smeets T Merckelbach H Jelicic M Verschuere B Galliot AM van Riel L 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(6):1033-1041
Studies have shown that survival processing leads to superior memorability. The aim of the present study was to examine whether
this survival recall advantage might result from stereotype activation. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pilot study
and two experiments in which participants were primed with stereotypes (Experiment 1, professor and elderly person; Experiment
2, survival-stereotype). In Experiment 1, 120 undergraduates were randomly assigned to a survival, professor stereotype, elderly
person stereotype, or moving scenario and rated words for their relevance to the imagined scenario. In Experiment 2, 75 undergraduates
were given a survival, survival-stereotype (based on our pilot study), or moving scenario. Both experiments showed that survival
processing leads to a greater recall advantage over the stereotype groups and control group. These data indicate that the
mere activation of stereotypes cannot explain the survival recall advantage. 相似文献
134.
Rendell PG Phillips LH Henry JD Brumby-Rendell T de la Piedad Garcia X Altgassen M Kliegel M 《Cognition & emotion》2011,25(5):916-925
Emotional factors have been found to be an important influence on memory. The current study investigated the influence of emotional salience and age on a laboratory measure of prospective memory (PM); Virtual Week. Thirty young and 30 old adults completed Virtual Week, in which the emotional salience of the tasks at encoding was manipulated to be positive, negative or neutral in content. For event-based, but not time-based tasks, positivity enhancement in both age groups was seen, with a greater number of positive PM tasks being performed relative to neutral tasks. There was no negativity enhancement effect. Older adults showed generally poorer levels of PM, but they also demonstrated greater beneficial effects of positive valence compared to young. These effects of emotion on PM accuracy do not appear to reflect the retrospective component of the task as a different pattern of emotion effects was seen on the recall of PM content. Results indicate that older adults' difficulties in prospective remembering can be reduced where the tasks to be remembered are positive. 相似文献
135.
Nikki A. Rudy Alison M. Betz Evadne Malone Justine E. Henry Ivy M. Chong 《Behavioral Interventions》2014,29(4):269-285
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of video modeling to teach children with autism to initiate bids for joint attention. The video model consisted of a child demonstrating three components of a bid for joint attention with an adult conversational partner: orienting toward the object, emitting a vocal statement, and eye gaze shift toward unique objects in the environment. Results indicated that video modeling alone was effective in teaching all components of joint attention for two of the three children, whereas video modeling plus in vivo prompting was effective for the third participant. Further, bids for joint attention did not generalize across novel items for any of the participants. Results are discussed in terms of the social relevance and validity of the use of video modeling to teach a complex social behavior such as bids for joint attention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
136.
David Messer Jennifer Kearvell-White Henrik Danielsson Dorothy Faulkner Lucy Henry Paul Ibbotson 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(3):453-470
The structure and development of executive functioning (EF) have been intensively studied in typically developing populations, with little attention given to those with Special Educational Needs (SEN). This study addresses this by comparing the EF structure of 132 adolescents (11–14 years-old) with SEN and 138 adolescents not requiring additional support (Non-SEN peers). Participants completed verbal and non-verbal assessments of key components of EF: inhibition, working memory and switching. Confirmatory Factor Analysis on each group tested one-, two- and three-factor models of EF. In both groups, there was statistical support for the fit of one- and two-factor models with no model being clearly better than the others; there was little support for three-factor models. Parsimony suggests that the one-factor model best represents the structure of EF. In light of our results, the implications for the nature of EF in early adolescence in both SEN and Non-SEN groups are discussed. 相似文献
137.
Sex Roles - We present an integrated interdisciplinary review of people’s tendency to perceive sexual orientation as a fundamentally gendered phenomenon. We draw from psychology and other... 相似文献
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