Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: A cognitive–neurobiological information-processing model

We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety. Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in subcortical networks involving the amygdala, hippocampus, and insular cortex, and later recruitment of cortical regulatory resources, including activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex to implement avoidant response strategies. Based on this evidence, we present a cognitive–neurobiological information-processing model of fear and anxiety, linking distinct brain structures to specific stages of information processing of perceived threat.     

Restoring drinking water acceptance following a waterborne disease outbreak: the role of trust,risk perception,and communication

Although research shows that acceptance, trust, and risk perception are often related, little is known about the underlying patterns of causality among the three constructs. In the context of a waterborne disease outbreak, we explored via zero‐order/partial correlation analysis whether acceptance predicts both trust and risk perception (associationist model), or whether trust influences risk perception and acceptance (causal chain model). The results supported the causal chain model suggesting a causal role for trust. A subsequent path analysis confirmed that the effect of trust on acceptance is fully mediated by risk perception. It also revealed that trust is positively predicted by prior institutional trust and communication with the public. Implications of the findings for response strategies to contamination events are discussed.     

Cortical Cell Assemblies: A Possible Mechanism for Motor Programs

The concept of a motor program has been used to interpret a diverse range of empirical findings related to preparation and initiation of voluntary movement. In the absence of an underlying mechanism, its explanatory power has been limited to that of an analogy with running a stored computer program. We argue that the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a possible neural mechanism for motor programming. According to this view, a motor program may be conceptualized as a cell assembly, which is stored in the form of strengthened synaptic connections between cortical pyramidal neurons. These connections determine which combinations of corticospinal neurons are activated when the cell assembly is ignited. The dynamics of cell assembly ignition are considered in relation to the problem of serial order. These considerations lead to a plausible neural mechanism for the programming of movements and movement sequences that is compatible with the effects of precue information and sequence length on reaction times. Anatomical and physiological guidelines for future quantitative models of cortical cell assemblies are suggested. By taking into account the parallel, re-entrant loops between the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a mechanism for motor plans that involve longer sequences. The suggested model is compared with other existing neural network models for motor programming.     

Sales Training and Education: Tracking Academic Research in Selling and Sales Management: Authors,Authorships, Academic Institutions,and Journals

This study examines and tracks the extent of selling and sales management research from 1993–1997. Two hundred and sixty- six published journal articles representing sixteen journals are examined to identify where and when selling and sales management researchers received their doctoral training, their employment location at time of publication, regional trends in the location of these researchers, and a count by-journal of selling and sales management articles that have appeared during the time period. A total of 280 individual authors from 175 different colleges and universities are included in the study. Overall, the general trends for scholarly activity in selling and sales management appear to be robust when compared to prior studies of sales research productivity.     

The Impact of Territory Difficulty and Self Versus Other Ratings on Managerial Evaluations of Sales Personnel

Previous research has yielded inconclusive evidence regarding whether territory difficulty information influences evaluations of salesperson performance. Two studies were conducted to assess whether a territory difficulty bias exists. In addition, the research tested for a divergence in performance ratings depending upon whether the evaluation was completed by a salesperson or a sales manager. The results show that, given the right conditions, territory difficulty bias can be overcome, and that previous failures to find territory difficulty effects in similar studies were likely caused by Type II errors. Also, the results indicate that self-ratings do tend to exhibit an upward bias over ratings by others.     

Comprehensive System Rorschach Data on Vietnam Combat Veterans

To better understand and, therefore, treat Vietnam combat veterans with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Rorschach was administered to 50 patients so diagnosed. The most important findings were that, on average: (a) These patients have a low level of stress tolerance and are, therefore, likely to respond impulsively to stressful situations; (b) this tow stress tolerance appears to be a long-term adjustment problem; and (c) their perception of reality is unconventional and often distorted. A primary therapeutic indication from these data is that the use of structure would be important for successful therapy. Other findings and therapeutic recommendations are also discussed.     

Faking Good on the MCMI–III: Implications for Child Custody Evaluations

Jean Piaget, Paul Fraisse and Maurice Reuchlin. Paul Fraisse and Jean Piaget (Eds.). Experimental Psychology: Its Scope and Methods. Vol. 1. History and Method. New York: Basic Books, 1968, 245 pages, $5.95. Reviewed by Steven G. Vandenberg.

Joseph Nuttin, Paul Fraisse, and Richard Meili. Paul Fraisse and Jean Piaget (Eds.). Experimental Psychology: Its Scope and Methods. Vol. 5. Motivation, Emotion and Personality. New York: Basic Books, 1968. 289 pages, $5.95. Reviewed by Steven G. Vandenberg.

Magda B. Arnold (Ed.) The Nature of Emotion: Selected Readings. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968. 398 pages. $1.95 Reviewed by David C. Murray.

Gilbert Kliman, Psychological Emergencies of Childhood. New York and London: Grune &; Stratton, 1968, 145 pages. Reviewed by Michael L. Peck.

Warren D. Gribbons and Paul R. Lohnes. Emerging Careers. New York: Teachers College Press, 1968 Reviewed by Steven G. Vandenberg.

Pascal, Gerald R., Behind the Screen. Boston, Christopher Publishing House, 1969, 243 pages, $6.50. Reviewed by Dell Lebo.

A. A. Roback and Thomas Kiernan. Pictorial History of Psychology and Psychiatry, New York: Philosophical Library, 1969, 294 pages, $12.50. Reviewed by Irving R. Stone.

Patricia Minuchin, Barbara Biber, Edna Shapiro, and Herbert Zimiles. The Psychological Impact of School Experience. New York: Basic Books, 1969, xxii + 514 pages, $12.50. Reviewed by Lita Linzer Schwartz.

William H. Grier &; Price M. Cobbs. Black Rage. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 213, $5.95. Reviewed by Dell Lebo.

Ruth M. Beard. An Outline of Piaget's Developmental Psychology for Students and Teachers. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishers, 1969. Pp. xvi + 139. $4.95 Reviewed by Louise Bates Ames.

Arthur Wellon. Five Years in Mental Hospitals. New York: Exposition Press, 1967. Pp. 155, $5.50. Reviewed by Irving R. Stone.     

Music for the Seasons: Seasonal Music Preferences in College Students

The present research examined music preferences in relation to the seasons: fall, winter, spring, and summer. Across two studies, male and female college students (N = 232 and 199) were primed to think about the seasons and indicate their music preference from Rentfrow and Gosling’s (2003) music classification scheme. Participants were predicted to prefer reflexive and complex music when primed with fall/winter and energetic and rhythmic and upbeat and conventional music when primed with spring/summer. Study 1 had participants read winter or summer season scenarios and Study 2 had participants write their own fall, winter, spring, or summer seasonal experiences. Overall, results were consistent with predictions for the reflexive and complex and energetic and rhythmic classifications, indicating an environmental influence of musical preferences.