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281.
282.
Javid A. Rahaman Tara A. Fahmie Isaac J. Melanson Jordan E. DeBrine Amanda N. Zangrillo 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2024,57(2):515-520
The functional assessment of challenging behavior (e.g., self-injurious behavior) has evolved over many years of research and practice. This concise review summarizes the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of common procedural adaptations reported to improve functional assessment safety and efficiency. We conclude with suggestions for clinicians and researchers. 相似文献
283.
Tara C. Callaghan Philippe Rochat John Corbit 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(3):320-353
Three- to 5-year-old children's knowledge that pictures have a representational function for others was investigated using a pictorial false-belief task. In Study 1, children passed the task at around 4 years old, and performance was correlated with standard false-belief and pictorial symbol tasks. In Study 2, the performance of children from two cultural settings who had very little exposure to pictures during the first 3 years (Peru, India) was contrasted with that of children from Canada. Performance was better in the Canadian than Peruvian and Indian samples on the picture false-belief task and drawing tasks but not on the standard false-belief measure. In all settings, children passed drawing and standard false-belief tasks either concurrently with, or prior to, passing the picture false-belief task. The findings suggest that children's explicit knowledge of the representational function of pictorial symbols matures in the late preschool years and develops more rapidly in cultures that strongly promote the symbolic use of pictures early in life. 相似文献
284.
285.
Tara T. Lineweaver Christopher Hertzog 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(4):264-296
This study examined beliefs about memory in 307 18-93 year-old community-dwelling adults. Two new questionnaires, the General Beliefs about Memory (GBMI) and the Personal Beliefs about Memory (PBMI) Instruments, were used to compare and contrast beliefs about memory in the general population of adults from beliefs about one's own memory. Both questionnaires used a graphic rating scale format to obtain more refined responses. The GBMI showed that, on average, all age groups perceived the average adult as experiencing curvilinear decline over the adult life span for multiple aspects of memory, with the greatest changes believed to occur after age 40. Beliefs about different specific types of memory were consistent with lay beliefs and with empirical results regarding aging and memory (e.g., memory for names was perceived to decline more rapidly than memory for faces). In contrast to earlier studies, small but significant age differences between young, middle-aged, and older respondents regarding beliefs about rates of memory aging were identified. Results for the PBMI indicated that personal beliefs were strongly related to, but distinct from, general beliefs. Older adults believed themselves to be lower in memory efficacy, to have declined more than younger adults, and to have less personal control over memory, as in earlier research. 相似文献
286.
Power TE Robinson JW Bridge P Bernier FP Gilchrist DM 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(3):249-269
In order to assess the levels of distress and psychosocial support needs of a high risk population, we undertook a study to
look at both the objective and subjective levels of distress and the wants and needs of individuals from a high familial cancer
risk population. Three hundred and eighteen individuals (160 affected, 158 unaffected) completed several distress and psychosocial
needs questionnaires (including the Brief Symptom Inventory-18). Sixty key informants were also surveyed about their perspective
on the support needs of this population. In the largely female (90%), largely HBOC syndrome group (approximately 90%), 20%
had significant levels of generalized distress, with no significant differences between affected and unaffected individuals.
Generalized distress was also not significantly different as a function of mutation status. Individuals who received inconclusive
test results, however, were more likely to indicate somatic symptoms of distress. Those individuals who did not have social
support were more likely to be those who had never had cancer and who either had a mutation, received inconclusive test results,
or were not tested. Key informants were most likely to indicate that patients need more support. These results provide evidence
for the importance of establishing regular psychosocial distress screening, including a focus on somatic symptoms, in such
high risk populations. 相似文献
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288.
Rooker GW Iwata BA Harper JM Fahmie TA Camp EM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(4):737-745
Functional analysis (FA) methodology is the most precise method for identifying variables that maintain problem behavior. Occasionally, however, results of an FA may be influenced by idiosyncratic sensitivity to aspects of the assessment conditions. For example, data from several studies suggest that inclusion of a tangible condition during an FA may be prone to a false-positive outcome, although the extent to which tangible reinforcement routinely produces such outcomes is unknown. We examined susceptibility to tangible reinforcement by determining whether a new response was acquired more readily when exposed to a tangible contingency relative to others commonly used in an FA (Study 1), and whether problem behavior known not to have a social function nevertheless emerged when exposed to tangible reinforcement (Study 2). Results indicated that inclusion of items in the tangible condition should be done with care and that selection should be based on those items typically found in the individual's environment. 相似文献
289.
The study investigated how children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure regulate movement speed and accuracy during goal-directed movements. 16 children ages 7 to 17 years with confirmed histories of heavy in utero alcohol exposure, and 21 nonalcohol-exposed control children completed a series of reciprocal tapping movements between two spatial targets. 5 different targets sets were presented, representing a range of task difficulty between 2 and 6 bits of information. Estimates of percent error rate, movement time, slope, and linear fit of the resulting curve confirmed that for goal-directed, reciprocal tapping responses, performance of the group with prenatal alcohol exposure was described by a linear function, as predicted by Fitts' law, by sacrificing movement accuracy. The index of performance was the same for the two groups: it initially increased, then leveled off for more difficult movements. 相似文献
290.
ABSTRACT Individuals in a variety of social contexts try to regulate other people's feelings, but how does this process affect the regulators themselves? This research aimed to establish a relationship between people's use of interpersonal affect regulation and their own affective well-being. In a field study, self- and other-reported data were collected from prisoners and staff members in a therapeutic prison using two surveys separated in time. In a laboratory study, a student sample reported their affect before and after attempting to influence the feelings of talent show contestants in a role-play task. The results of both studies indicated congruent associations between the use of affect-improving and affect-worsening interpersonal affect regulation and strategy agents' affective well-being. Our findings highlight that, when performing interpersonal affect regulation, people may not be immune from the effects of their own actions. 相似文献