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251.
Flanagan T Enns JT Murphy MM Russo N Abbeduto L Randolph B Burack JA 《Brain and cognition》2007,65(1):128-134
The voluntary and reflexive orienting abilities of persons with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome, at average MA levels of approximately 4 and 7 years, were compared with an RT task. Reflexive orienting abilities appeared to develop in accordance with MA for the participants with Down syndrome but not for those with fragile X syndrome. However, both groups showed delayed voluntary orienting. The group differences in reflexive orienting at the low MA level reinforce the practice of separating etiologies and highlight the contribution of rudimentary attentional processes in the study of individuals with mental retardation. 相似文献
252.
This investigation challenged the long-accepted male-oriented ideology of “think male, think leader” by using social and gender identity theoretical frameworks to examine same-gender biases and the situational leadership cue of the end-of-the-table position. In an experiment consisting of 241 undergraduates enrolled in a large southwestern university in the U.S. (105 men, 135 women, and 1 sex unreported), participants viewed diagrams of male and female figures, in either same-sex or mixed-sex groups, and selected a leader. The end-of-the-table cue held, but the 120 participants (74 women, 46 men) shown mixed-sex groups with a man and a woman shown at both ends of a table chose same-gender leaders significantly more than opposite-gender leaders. Whereas the results suggest that the “think leader, think male” ideology still holds among young men, findings also demonstrated a shift away from this ideology among young women. 相似文献
253.
Child welfare systems (CWSs) worldwide show increased interest in adopting empirically informed clinical strategies to increase treatment effectiveness. Many empirically supported treatments (ESTs) exist, but little is known about EST implementation barriers and facilitators in CWS. This study explored CWS providers’ experiences of implementing attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) in home-based services of the Flemish CWS (in Belgium). Sixteen CWS providers (twelve counselors and four supervisors) involved in three home-based services were interviewed. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to guide collection, coding, and analysis of interview data. Findings revealed that implementation success was related to ABFT's fit with the CWS's mission, philosophy, and existing practices. CWS providers’ belief in the compatibility between ABFT and CWS increased investment in implementation efforts and persistence to overcome challenges and setbacks. Some barriers pertained to the learning of ABFT and some barriers pertained to systems level challenges such as lack of leadership and support, poor coordination with referral sources and other youth care partners, and lack of policy support. For successful expansion of ESTs into CWS settings, various barriers at multiple systemic levels need to be addressed. 相似文献
254.
Functional disability is a key component of many psychiatric illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Impairments in social
and role functioning are linked to cognitive deficits, a core feature of psychosis. Retrospective analyses demonstrate that
substantial functional decline precedes the onset of psychosis. Recent investigations reveal that individuals at clinical-high-risk
(CHR) for psychosis show impairments in social relationships, work/school functioning and daily living skills. CHR youth also
demonstrate a pattern of impairment across a range of cognitive domains, including social cognition, which is qualitatively
similar to that of individuals with schizophrenia. While many studies have sought to elucidate predictors of clinical deterioration,
specifically the development of schizophrenia, in such CHR samples, few have investigated factors relevant to psychosocial
outcome. This review integrates recent findings regarding cognitive and social-cognitive predictors of outcome in CHR individuals,
and proposes potential directions for future research that will contribute to targeted interventions and improved outcome
for at-risk youth. 相似文献
255.
As researchers and clinicians seek to better understand, prevent, and address violence in dating relationships among adolescents and young adults, there is also a need to better explore the possible legal consequences for perpetrators of aggression. The purpose of this paper is to review legal involvement in violent intimate relationships, with a specific focus on dating relationships, as these sanctions represent possible punishing consequences for violent perpetration. Punishing consequences of aggression, including legal interventions, could serve to lessen or eliminate violence in the current relationship and also circumvent possible aggression in future relationships. Implications of this review for clinicians, law enforcement, judiciary officials, and prevention programmers addressing dating violence are provided, along with directions for future research. 相似文献
256.
Joelle C. Ruthig Tara L. Haynes Robert H. Stupnisky Raymond P. Perry 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(2):233-249
The first year of college presents numerous challenges experienced as overwhelming by some freshmen who may become overly
stressed and depressed. This longitudinal study examined perceived academic control (PAC) as a mediator of optimism and social
support’s buffering effects on freshman students’ psychological health. Multiple regressions assessed optimism and social
support (at the start of the academic year) as predictors of year-end stress and depression among 288 freshmen. PAC (at the
start of the year) was then examined as a mediator of the effects of optimism and support. Lastly, stress and depression were
assessed as predictors of year-end degree commitment and cumulative GPA. As expected, optimism and support predicted less
stress and depression, yet their beneficial effects were mediated by students’ PAC. Depression subsequently predicted less
year-end degree commitment and lower cumulative GPAs. PAC mediates the protective effects of optimism and support, providing
additional protection for students against poor psychological health. Findings have implications for shielding students’ health
against the demands of the freshman year.
相似文献
Joelle C. RuthigEmail: |
257.
Tara M. Madhyastha Earl Hunt Ian J. Deary Catharine R. Gale Dominika Dykiert 《Intelligence》2009,37(4):422-427
In longitudinal studies data is collected in a series of waves. Each wave after the first suffers from attrition. Therefore it can be difficult to discriminate between changes in sample parameters due to a longitudinal process (e.g. ageing) and changes due to attrition. The problem is particularly vexing if one of the purposes is to compare differences between two or more groups over time, because there may be differential attrition across groups. We refer to this as a recruitment problem, because the sample studied in any wave after the first can be thought of as having been recruited from a preceding wave. We present a mathematical model of the recruitment process. We then apply it to two large longitudinal studies, the British Cohort Survey 1970 and the National Child Development Study (1958), to demonstrate how we can identify effects expected from recruitment alone. As an illustration we show that differential recruitment would predict increasing differences between estimates of men's and women's intelligence as the studied sample ages. 相似文献
258.
Tara M. Emmers-Sommer Sarah Nebel Mae-Li Allison Michele L. Cannella Desiree Cartmill Sarah Ewing Daniel Horvath Jonathan K. Osborne Brittney Wojtaszek 《Sex roles》2009,60(9-10):669-681
This investigation examined patient–provider communication about sexual health related to gender and age. Data were collected from 277 individuals, aged 18–60, via convenience and snowball sampling at a large university in southwestern United States. Results indicate women are more proactive about their sexual health than men and tested for STDs more frequently. Women, more than men, initiate discussions with their healthcare provider about sexual health matters and healthcare providers are more likely to initiate communication about such matters with women than men. Men hold stronger gender-stereotypical beliefs than women, are less likely to initiate conversations about sexual issues with their provider, and believe sexual discussions with their partner are inappropriate. Age relates to sexual activity initiation and perceived STD risk. 相似文献
259.
Christie L. McGee Olivia A. Bjorkquist Joseph M. Price Sarah N. Mattson Edward P. Riley 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):817-830
Based on caregiver report, children with prenatal alcohol exposure have difficulty with social functioning, but little is
known about their social cognition. The current study assessed the social information processing patterns of school-age children
with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure using a paradigm based on Crick and Dodge’s reformulated six-stage model. Fifty-two children
(aged 7–11) with and without heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were tested using a structured interview measure of social information
processing involving 18 videotaped vignettes of children in group entry and provocation situations. Alcohol-exposed children
displayed maladaptive processing patterns on the goal, response generation, and response evaluation steps in group entry situations,
and encoding, attribution, response evaluation, and enactment steps during provocation situations. Children with heavy prenatal
alcohol exposure also had difficulty on the Test of Problem Solving, and performance correlated with social information processing
measures. Such difficulties may lead to problems in social functioning and warrant early intervention. 相似文献
260.