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51.
Motivation and Emotion - In this short commentary we argue that feelings of contempt play a major role in schadenfreude (joy in the misfortunes of others) and “reverse... 相似文献
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Rights, autonomy, privacy, and confidentialityare concepts commonly used in discussionsconcerning genetic information. When theseconcepts are thought of as denoting absolutenorms and values which cannot be overriden byother considerations, conflicts among themnaturally occur.In this paper, these and related notions areexamined in terms of the duties and obligationsmedical professionals and their clients canhave regarding genetic knowledge. It issuggested that while the prevailing idea ofautonomy is unhelpful in the analysis of theseduties, and the ensuing rights, an alternativereading of personal self-determination canprovide a firmer basis for ethical guidelinesand policies in this field. 相似文献
54.
Matti Eklund 《Synthese》2009,170(3):393-414
A central element in neo-Fregean philosophy of mathematics is the focus on abstraction principles, and the use of abstraction
principles to ground various areas of mathematics. But as is well known, not all abstraction principles are in good standing.
Various proposals for singling out the acceptable abstraction principles have been presented. Here I investigate what philosophical
underpinnings can be provided for these proposals; specifically, underpinnings that fit the neo-Fregean’s general outlook.
Among the philosophical ideas I consider are: general views on a priori justification; the idea of abstraction as reconceptualization,
the idea that truth is prior to reference in the sense associated with Frege’s context principle; and various broadly relativistic
views. The conclusions are by and large negative. 相似文献
55.
We have developed CowLog, which is open-source software for recording behaviors from digital video and is easy to use and
modify. CowLog tracks the time code from digital video files. The program is suitable for coding any digital video, but the
authors have used it in animal research. The program has two main windows: a coding window, which is a graphical user interface
used for choosing video files and defining output files that also has buttons for scoring behaviors, and a video window, which
displays the video used for coding. The windows can be used in separate displays. The user types the key codes for the predefined
behavioral categories, and CowLog transcribes their timing from the video time code to a data file. CowLog comes with an additional
feature, an R package called Animal, for elementary analyses of the data files. With the analysis package, the user can calculate
the frequencies, bout durations, and total durations of the coded behaviors and produce summary plots from the data. 相似文献
56.
Mark Eli Kalderon has argued for a fictionalist variant of non-cognitivism. On his view, what the Frege–Geach problem shows is that standard non-cognitivism proceeds uncritically from claims about use to claims about meaning; if non-cognitivism's claims were solely about use it would be on safe ground as far as the Frege–Geach problem is concerned. I argue that Kalderon's diagnosis is mistaken: the problem concerns the non-cognitivist's account of the use of moral sentences too. 相似文献
57.
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether homicidal spouse abuse offenders with a low blood glucose nadir in glucose tolerance test (GTT) showed more instances of repeated and severe aggression and criminality than counterparts with more normal GTTs. An attempt was also made to determine whether personality profiles on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) differentiated between the groups. Altogether, 60 male homicidal offenders were studied. Those with low values had been repeatedly violent and impulsive under the influence of alcohol in relationships but also outside the home. The homicidal act usually occurred under the influence of alcohol with no clear recollection. These offenders had normal MMPI but some of them showed motor restlessness and irritability during the GTTs. The possible connections with enhanced glucose and abnormal brain serotonin metabolism among habitually violent and impulsive offenders are discussed. 相似文献
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The human aptitude for imitation and social learning underpins our advanced cultural practices. While social learning is a valuable evolutionary survival strategy, blind copying does not necessarily facilitate survival. Copying from the majority allows individuals to make rapid judgments on the value of a trait, based on its frequency. This is known as the majority bias: an individual's tendency to copy the behavior elicited by the largest number of individuals in a population. An alternative approach is to follow those who are the most proficient. While there is evidence that children do show both processes, no study has directly pitted them against each other. To do this, in the current experiment 36 children aged between 4 and 5 years watched live actors demonstrate, as a group or individually, how to open novel puzzle boxes. Children exhibited a bias to the majority when group and individual methods were successful, but favored the individual if the group method was unsuccessful. Affiliating children with the unsuccessful majority group did not impact on this pattern. 相似文献
60.
Matti Eklund 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2020,63(5):535-561
ABSTRACT In this reply to critics, I reply to Stephanie Leary’s, Kris McDaniel’s, Tristram McPherson’s and David Plunkett’s articles on my book Choosing Normative Concepts. One central theme in the replies concerns what is the best strategy for the so-called ardent realist when it comes to responding to the challenge I present in the book. Another central theme concerns the criticisms of my characterizations of what normative concepts and normative properties are. 相似文献