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131.
132.
Marcel A. van den Hout Iris M. Engelhard Monique Smeets Eliane C.P. Dek Kim Turksma Renate Saric 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(6):535-539
Repeated and compulsive-like checking reduces confidence in memory for the last check. Obsessive-compulsive (OC) patients are not only uncertain about memory, but may also be uncertain about perception, while this perceptual uncertainty may be associated with prolonged visual fixation on the object of uncertainty. It was reported earlier that, among healthy participants, prolonged staring at light bulbs or gas rings induces OC-like uncertainty about perception and feelings of dissociation [van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., de Boer, C., du Bois, A., & Dek, E. (2008). Perseverative and compulsive-like staring causes uncertainty about perception. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1300–1304]. In that study, staring continued for 10 min. For patients, however, staring intervals seem to be considerably shorter. To test the clinical credibility of the paradigm as a model of the maintenance of OC perceptual uncertainty, we investigated whether the effects of staring materialize long before 10 min. Five groups of 16 undergraduates participated: one group did not stare at a gas stove while the others stared for 7.5, 15, 30 or 300 s. In the absence of staring, no pre-to-post increase in dissociation/uncertainty was reported, but after staring it was. The larger part of the observed dissociation/uncertainty after 5 min had occurred within 30 s, and around 50% of this maximal increase was reported between 7.5 and 15 s. Thus, even relatively short intervals of staring induce uncertainty about perception and dissociative experiences. Perseverative looking at objects may be a counter-productive OC strategy, which increases uncertainty about perception and may serve to maintain the disorder. 相似文献
133.
Marja van den Heuvel-Panhuizen Alexander Robitzsch Adri Treffers Olaf Köller 《Psychometrika》2009,74(2):351-365
This article discusses large-scale assessment of change in student achievement and takes the study by Hickendorff, Heiser,
Van Putten, and Verhelst (2009) as an example. This study compared the achievement of students in the Netherlands in 1997 and 2004 on written division problems.
Based on this comparison, they claim that there is a performance decline in this subdomain of mathematics, and that there
is a move from applying the digit-based long division algorithm to a less accurate way of working without writing down anything.
In our discussion of this study, we address methodological challenges that come in when investigating long-term trends in
student achievements, such as the need for adequate operationalizations, the influence of the time of measurement and the
necessity of the comparability of assessments, the effect of the assessment format, and the importance of inclusion relevant
covariates in item response models. All these issues matter when assessing change in student achievement. 相似文献
134.
Harris LT McClure SM van den Bos W Cohen JD Fiske ST 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):309-316
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) reliably activates in social cognition and reward tasks. This study locates distinct areas
for each. Participants made evaluative (positive/negative) or social (person/not a person) judgments of pictured positive
or negative people and objects in a slow event-related design. Activity in an anterior rostral region (arMPFC) was significantly
greater for positive than for negative persons but did not show a valence effect for objects, and this was true regardless
of the judgment task. This suggests that the arMPFC is tuned to social valence. Interestingly, however, no regions of the
MPFC were found to be responsive to social information independently of valence. A region-of-interest analysis of the paraanterior
cingulate cortex (pACC), previously implicated in reward processing, demonstrated sensitivity to the valence of all stimuli,
whether persons or objects, across tasks. Affective evaluation may be a general function of the MPFC, with some regions being
tuned to more specific domains of information (e.g., social) than are others. 相似文献
135.
This study examined the role of media body comparison as a mediator of the relationships between psychological factors and sociocultural pressures to be thin and body dissatisfaction in both females and males. Participants were 1,386 females (mean age = 19.37 years) and 1,130 males (mean age = 19.46) from diverse backgrounds who completed a self-report questionnaire. Path analysis was used to test a cross-sectional model in which media body comparison mediated the impact of self-esteem, depressive mood, parent dieting environment, friend dieting, TV exposure, magazine message exposure, weight teasing and body mass index (BMI) on body dissatisfaction. In females, media body comparison partially or fully mediated relationships between self-esteem, depressive mood, friend dieting, magazine message exposure and BMI, and body dissatisfaction. In males, media body comparison was not a significant predictor of body dissatisfaction. This research particularly highlights the need to further examine processes that are involved in the development of body dissatisfaction in males. 相似文献
136.
Wijngaards-de Meij L Stroebe M Schut H Stroebe W van den Bout J van der Heijden PG Dijkstra I 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(4):537-548
The impact of adult attachment on psychological adjustment among bereaved parents and the mediating effect of relationship satisfaction were examined among a sample of 219 couples of parents. Data collection took place 6, 13, and 20 months after loss. Use of the actor partner interdependence model in multilevel regression analysis enabled exploration of both individual as well as partner attachment as predictors of grief and depression. Results indicated that the more insecurely attached parents were (on both avoidance and anxiety attachment), the higher the symptoms of grief and depression. Neither the attachment pattern of the partner nor similarity of attachment within the couple had any influence on psychological adjustment of the parent. Marital satisfaction partially mediated the association of anxious attachment with symptomatology. Contrary to previous research findings, avoidant attachment was associated with high grief intensity. These findings challenge the notion that the avoidantly attached are resilient. 相似文献
137.
138.
Marcel van den Hout Maureen van Pol Madelon Peters 《Behaviour research and therapy》2001,39(12):1439-1448
Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 889–898 found that writing out a negative thought produced anxiety and an urge to neutralize the thought, that instructing participants to neutralize the thought reduced anxiety/neutralization urge in the short run (i.e. within 2 min), but that in the control group 20 min without instruction was attended by the same reduction in anxiety/urge to neutralize (“natural decay”). The observations were made with pariticipants who scored high on “thought action fusion” and the experiment was set up as exerimental model of obsessions. We repeated the study with participants that were not selected on thought action fusion. All the findings reported by Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 889–898 were replicated. Correlational analysis indicated that the strength of the effect was not related to scores on scales measuring “thought action fusion”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 889–898 did not assess whether non-neutralizing was followed by immediate reductions in distress. We did assess this and found that the larger part of the immediate reduction of distress after neutralization also occurs when no neutralization instruction is given. The effects of neutralization instructions in the present type of experiment are considerably less powerful than suggested earlier. 相似文献
139.
Intractable controversies and other types of policy disagreements correspond to policy problems with a different structure.
The more structured a problem is, the more consensus there is about which values and information are at stake in the process
of problem solving. Policymakers like to treat problems in as structured a way as possible. Three policy strategies are described
to move away from the unstructured to the more structured problem type. However, policymakers run the risk of oversimplifying
an ill-structured problem, which means that elements of the problem situation relevant to other actors are overlooked or denied.
Hence, policy controversies may become intractable. The remedy is a fourth strategy, characterised by problem structuring.
This strategy requires political participation of actors with different views on the problem, and an argued political problem
choice.
His main research areas are problem structuring in public policy, knowledge use, environmental risk, technology and democracy.
He is currently working on knowledge-based policy strategies for addressing the issue of climate change.
His research interest is to develop and apply discursive and/or argumentative approaches to the policy process. 相似文献
140.
Peter Muris Harald Merckelbach Marcel van den Hout Peter de Jong 《Behaviour research and therapy》1992,30(6):639-642
Previous studies have indicated that suppression of a thought results in an immediate increase of the frequency of this thought and/or in a rebound effect, i.e. in a heightened frequency of this thought later on. The present study (n = 53) examined the relationship between suppression and emotionality of the to-be-suppressed material. More specifically, it was investigated whether suppression of an emotional story results in stronger immediate enhancement or thought rebounds than suppression of a neutral story. There was a clear initial enhancement effect in the group suppressing a neutral story: subjects who tried to suppress experienced more target thoughts than subjects who did not try to suppress. In the neutral-story conditions, no rebound effect occurred. In the groups exposed to an emotional story, there was neither evidence of initial enhancement nor of a rebound. As most obsessions are related to emotional themes, the present findings cast doubt on the claim that the rebound phenomenon represents a valid laboratory model for clinical obsessions. 相似文献