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52.
O. Hayden Griffin III Alexis Lynn Fritsch Vanessa H. Woodward Richard S. Mohn 《Deviant behavior》2013,34(10):767-781
The contemporary media has often portrayed marijuana as a “slacker drug”; however, this portrayal is somewhat novel. Several scholars have argued in the early 1900s, especially in the 1930s, the media often associated marijuana with violence and mental illness. Another common argument was that marijuana was associated with Mexican immigrants. Conversely, other researchers have argued that these reports were overblown and media accounts of marijuana were not very common until recent years. The current study utilizes recently available on-line archives to conduct a more comprehensive test of how exactly marijuana was depicted in The New York Times from 1851–1950. 相似文献
53.
Caitlin E. V. Mahy Babett Voigt Nicola Ballhausen Katharina Schnitzspahn Judi Ellis Matthias Kliegel 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(6):823-839
The present study investigated whether developmental changes in cognitive control may underlie improvements of time-based prospective memory. Five-, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds (N = 166) completed a driving simulation task (ongoing task) in which they had to refuel their vehicle at specific points in time (PM task). The availability of cognitive control resources was experimentally manipulated by imposing a secondary task that required divided attention. Children completed the driving simulation task both in a full-attention condition and a divided-attention condition where they had to carry out a secondary task. Results revealed that older children performed better than younger children on the ongoing task and PM task. Children performed worse on the ongoing and PM tasks in the divided-attention condition compared to the full-attention condition. With respect to time monitoring in the final interval prior to the PM target, divided attention interacted with age such that older children’s time monitoring was more negatively affected by the secondary task compared to younger children. Results are discussed in terms of developmental shifts from reactive to proactive monitoring strategies. 相似文献
54.
Matthias Hofer Werner Wirth Rinaldo Kuehne Holger Schramm Ana Sacau 《Media Psychology》2013,16(4):373-395
This article examines the formation process of spatial presence, which is conceived as a two-step process involving the construction of a mental model of the mediated environment, followed by the emergence of spatial presence. During both stages, cognitive processes and user traits are in effect. We present data derived from a pooled set of data of three studies using the same virtual environment. Structural equation modeling is used to confirm the proposed theoretical model. The results show that attention and the trait of visual spatial imagery are positive predictors of the mental model of the mediated environment. In the second step, the formation of spatial presence is governed by involvement, the suspension of disbelief, and the domain-specific interest, together with the mental model. 相似文献
55.
Dieter Zapf Carmen Knorz Matthias Kulla 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(2):215-237
Abstract This article analyses the relationship between mobbing, job characteristics, social environment variables, and psychological ill-health. The Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization (LIFT) was factor analysed and led to seven factors in two samples of mobbing victims (N = 50 and N = 99): Mobbing by organizational measures, social isolation, attacking the victim's private life, attacking the victim's attitudes, physical violence, verbal aggression, and rumours. Mobbing was correlated with bad job content, a bad social environment, and psychological ill-health. The findings suggest that the more social support supervisors gave, the less the victims reported being shouted at, being constantly criticized, and receiving verbal threats. In contrast, the more social support the victims received from their colleagues the less they reported being socially isolated or being ridiculed with regard to their private life. Moreover, having private life attacked showed the strongest correlation with psychological ill-health. The data suggest that organizational factors are potential causes of mobbing at work. 相似文献
56.
Sabine Krolak-Schwerdt Matthias Böhmer Cornelia Gräsel 《Social Psychology of Education》2013,16(2):215-239
Research on teachers’ judgments of student performance has demonstrated that educational assessments may be biased or may more correctly take the achievements of students into account depending on teachers’ motivations while making the judgment. Building on research on social judgment formation the present investigation examined whether the accountability of teachers has an influence on judgment formation. We predicted that unaccountable teachers would activate social categories and use them for the assessment, whereas accountable teachers’ attention would be directed to individual attributes of students. Using secondary school teachers as participants, three studies investigating teachers’ assessments, inferences and memory for students’ attributes supported these hypotheses. Thus, accountability appears to be a moderator of social information processing and judgment formation in the domain of educational assessments. 相似文献
57.
David S. Geldmacher Thomas Fritsch Tatiana M. Riedel 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):194-204
Random-array letter cancellation tasks are commonly used in the clinical assessment of visuospatial function. How stimulus properties and aging affect cancellation performance is not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of stimulus factors and age on 3 measures of cancellation performance. Thirty younger and 30 older adults each completed 12 cancellation forms that varied in paper size, stimulus density, and target-to-distractor (T/D) ratio. Interactions between stimulus factors were identified for a calculated composite measure of speed and accuracy (effectiveness), a standardized measure of the time required for completion of forms, and a standardized measure of the number of omission errors. The results showed complex interactions between stimulus factors that were different for each dependent variable. These interactions were generally similar for both age groups. The findings indicate that both stimulus properties and dependent variables must be carefully considered in the design and interpretation of cancellation paradigms. 相似文献
58.
Cognitive functions of gamma-band activity: memory match and utilization 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Oscillatory neural activity in the gamma frequency range (>30Hz) has been shown to accompany a wide variety of cognitive processes. So far, there has been limited success in assigning a unitary basic function to these oscillations, and critics have raised the argument that they could just be an epiphenomenon of neural processing. We propose a new framework that relates gamma oscillations observed in human, as well as in animal, experiments to two underlying processes: the comparison of memory contents with stimulus-related information and the utilization of signals derived from this comparison. This model attempts to explain early gamma-band responses in terms of the match between bottom-up and top-down information. Furthermore, it assumes that late gamma-band activity reflects the readout and utilization of the information resulting from this match. 相似文献
59.
The foundations of law have been the object ofintense philosophical scrutiny since antiquity.Most importantly, it has been asked whetherthere are really any foundations other thansheer force to be found once more comfortingillusions are abandoned. This paperinvestigates four influential theorists ofradical legal philosophy and postmodern thought(Benjamin, Schmitt, Luhmann, Derrida) who dealwith this problem in comparable ways despitetheir different theoretical outlooks. Themerits of these theories having been assessed,mentalism in ethics and law is introduced as apossible alternative to both the widespreadfoundationalism of the past and theanti-foundationalism of the postmodern present. 相似文献
60.