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101.
While bimanual interference effects can be observed when symbolic cues indicate the parameter values of simultaneous reaching
movements, these effects disappear under conditions in which the target locations of two movements are cued directly. The
present study investigates the generalizability of these target-location cuing benefits to conditions in which symbolic cues
are used to indicate target locations (i.e., the end points of bimanual movements). Participants were asked to move to two
of four possible target locations, being located either at the same and different distances (Experiment 1), or in the same
and different directions (Experiment 2). Circles and crosses served as symbolic target-location cues and were arranged in
a symmetric or non-symmetric fashion over the four target locations. Each trial was preceded by a variable precuing interval.
Results revealed faster initiation times for equivalent as compared to non-equivalent target locations (same vs. different
cues). Moreover, the time course of prepartion suggests that this effect is in fact due to target-equivalence and not to cue-similarity.
Bimanual interference relative to movement parameter values was not observed. These findings suggest that cuing target locations
can dominate potential intermanual interference effects during the concurrent programming of different movement parameter
values. 相似文献
102.
Prof. Dr. Ulrich T. Egle Claus Derra Beate Gruner Bernd Kappis Volker Köllner Eilard Maatz Matthias Schoof Ulrich Schubert Rainer Schwab 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(6):436-442
Interdisciplinary guidelines allowed for new quality standards in pain appraisal. Simultaneously, the scientific notion of fibromyalgia changed from a subjectively overvalued malaise to a central disturbance of coping with stress, which is neurobiologically determined. Therefore, in this article a psychosomatics-based guide is given for the socio-medical appraisal of fibromyalgia with reference to the new International Classification for Functioning and Disability (ICF) of the World Health Organization (WHO). As illustration a case study is presented. 相似文献
103.
Bradley S. Gibson Matthias Scheutz Gregory J. Davis 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(2):363-374
Humans routinely use spatial language to control the spatial distribution of attention. In so doing, spatial information may be communicated from one individual to another across opposing frames of reference, which in turn can lead to inconsistent mappings between symbols and directions (or locations). These inconsistencies may have important implications for the symbolic control of attention because they can be translated into differences in cue validity, a manipulation that is known to influence the focus of attention. This differential validity hypothesis was tested in Experiment 1 by comparing spatial word cues that were predicted to have high learned spatial validity (“above/below”) and low learned spatial validity (“left/right”). Consistent with this prediction, when two measures of selective attention were used, the results indicated that attention was less focused in response to “left/right” cues than in response to “above/below” cues, even when the actual validity of each of the cues was equal. In addition, Experiment 2 predicted that spatial words such as “left/right” would have lower spatial validity than would other directional symbols that specify direction along the horizontal axis, such as “←/→” cues. The results were also consistent with this hypothesis. Altogether, the present findings demonstrate important semantic-based constraints on the spatial distribution of attention. 相似文献
104.
Prof. Dr. Matthias Franz Lonja Weihrauch Tanja Buddenberg Ralf Schäfer 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(5):357-369
Background
Single mothers and their children are exposed to increased psychosocial burdens and risks. Nevertheless, in Germany offers of help especially designed for the needs of this group are lacking.Method
An emotion-oriented parental training program (PALME, http://www.palme-elterntraining.de) based on the attachment theory was developed particularly for single mothers with preschool children. The training is guided by trained kindergarten nurses. The effectiveness of the parental training program on the measure of maternal psychological impairment, emotional competence and child problem behavior was investigated within a randomized, controlled study with 61 single mothers suffering from medium grade psychosocial impairment.Results
Analyses of variance revealed significant group×time interaction effects in favor of the intervention group compared to controls. After the training the mothers showed improvement in their psychological impairment, depression and emotional competence. In addition, evidence suggests that behavioral problems of the children were reduced.Conclusion
In view of the benefits of this parental training and its low costs it should be recommended as a regular offer of support for single mothers within community settings. 相似文献105.
Background
Reducing symptoms of depression is an important target in the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although current treatments for BPD are effective in reducing depression, the average post-treatment level of depression remains high.Aim
To test whether experiential avoidance (EA) impedes the reduction of depression during treatment for BPD.Method
EA and depression were assessed in 81 clients at baseline and 4-month intervals during 1 year of therapy. Simple correlations, hierarchical linear modeling, and latent difference score models were used to investigate the association between self-reports of EA and both self-reports and observer-based ratings of depression.Results
EA was positively associated with greater severity of depression at all points of assessment, and changes in EA were positively associated with changes in depression. Moreover, EA significantly predicted less subsequent reduction in depression whereas no such effect was found for depression on subsequent EA.Conclusion
The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that EA impedes the reduction of depression in the treatment of BPD and should thus be considered an important treatment target. 相似文献106.
Marc-André Reinhard Dagmar Stahlberg Matthias Messner 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):788-795
Two studies demonstrate that members of high-status groups (i.e., men and students of business administration) but not members of low-status groups (i.e., women and education students) react with an increase in state self-esteem after an alleged poor performance on a fictitious intelligence test. This Failure-as-an-Asset (FA) effect is only observed when the high-status ingroup (i.e., men) is outperformed by a low-status outgroup (i.e., women). In this case, a poor performance will lead to a strong identification with the ingroup due to high ingroup prototypicality. As predicted, the effects of experiencing success or failure on self-esteem were mediated by identification with the ingroup. 相似文献
107.
Two experiments explored the role of stimulus congruency and goal congruency for the generation of object-oriented actions
with two hands. Participants had to place two objects into either parallel or opposite orientations by carrying out either
symmetrical or asymmetrical forearm rotations. Performance was superior when the required object orientations were identical
rather than different, almost independent of the symmetry of the required arm movements. In extending previous research, goal
congruency effects ensued even under conditions in which congruency of imperative response signals could not have contributed
to goal congruency effects, either because only a single stimulus was used to indicate the required goals in an individual
trial (Experiment 1) or such stimuli were absent at all (Experiment 2). The results thus confirm the importance of goal codes
for the reconcilableness of bimanual actions, and rule out accounts in terms of stimulus-related processes. 相似文献
108.
Stefan Krumm Lothar Schmidt-Atzert Markus Buehner Matthias Ziegler Kurt Michalczyk Katrin Arrow 《Intelligence》2009,37(4):347-364
The current study examined basic cognitive abilities that are related to or included in the concept of working memory (WM): different WM components, three executive functions, simple short-term storage (STM), and sustained attention. Tasks were selected from well-established models and balanced in terms of content. The predictive power of storage and non-storage components of WM was examined. The same analyses were conducted with mental speed as an additional predictor of reasoning. Finally, we investigated whether the identified predictors of reasoning remain relevant when a general factor is considered in the analysis. The analyses revealed that short-term memory accounted for the relationship between complex span measures of WM and reasoning but not for the relationship between coordination and reasoning. These findings remained stable in the context of a mental speed and a general factor. The mental speed factor did not add an incremental contribution to the prediction of reasoning above and beyond short-term memory and coordination. The general factor was mainly built by mental speed tasks and acted as an additional predictor of reasoning besides STM and coordination. Thus, we concluded that reasoning ability can be explained by coordination, STM, and mental speed. 相似文献
109.
We investigated the influence of stimulus base rates on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Using an East/West-German attitude-IAT, we demonstrated that both overall response speed and differential response speed underlying IAT effects depend on the relative frequencies of the stimulus categories. First, when those stimuli that are more common in reality also occurred more frequently in the stimulus list, response speed generally increased. Second, IAT effects increased when congruent blocks profited from the compatibility of frequency-based response biases (i.e., frequent target stimuli and frequent valence stimuli mapped onto the same response key), whereas IAT effects decreased when incongruent trial blocks profited from response compatibility. These findings demonstrate that the stimulus context moderates the magnitude of the IAT effect. Simultaneously, they highlight the need to explore the extent to which implicit measures reflect properties of the task or the environment rather than attributes of test-takers. 相似文献
110.
Scholz U La Marca R Nater UM Aberle I Ehlert U Hornung R Martin M Kliegel M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(1):89-92
Acute stress has been found to have negative and implementation intentions (IIs) to have positive effects on cognitive performance. This study was the first to examine the effects of IIs on executive action control under acute psychosocial stress. Forty-two male subjects aged 21-39 years were randomly assigned to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) versus a rest condition. In addition, the instruction to the executive task (a go no-go task) was manipulated (IIs versus standard instruction). After the stress test, a dual-task procedure including a go no-go task was conducted. The TSST resulted in increases in cortisol response, heart rate and state anxiety compared to the rest condition. Acute stress significantly impaired go no-go performance, but only in the group without IIs. We conclude that under acute stress conditions executive functioning is reduced, but the use of IIs can be an effective strategy to overcome this negative effect. 相似文献